Christian doctrine refers to the core beliefs and teachings that define Christianity. It encompasses the fundamental principles derived from the Bible, shaping how Christians understand God, salvation, humanity, and the world.
Christianity is divided into numerous denominations, each with unique doctrinal nuances and practices. The three largest branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism. Roman Catholics hold to doctrines such as the authority of the Pope, the necessity of both faith and works for salvation, and the veneration of saints and the Virgin Mary. Eastern Orthodoxy shares many theological beliefs with Catholicism, such as the centrality of the sacraments, but differs in its emphasis on the autonomy of national churches and the use of icons in worship. The Orthodox Church also rejects papal authority, instead embracing a conciliar form of governance.
Protestantism arose from the Reformation in the 16th century, with reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin challenging Catholic doctrine and practices. Protestants generally emphasize salvation by faith alone (“sola fide”) and the authority of Scripture (“sola scriptura”). Within Protestantism, there are many denominations, including Lutherans, Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians, each with distinct theological emphases. For example, Baptists emphasize believer’s baptism (as opposed to infant baptism), while Methodists stress the role of personal holiness and sanctification. Despite these differences, Protestants are united in the belief that Scripture is the primary authority in matters of faith and practice.
Other Christian denominations include smaller groups such as Pentecostals, who emphasize the active presence of the Holy Spirit in believers’ lives, often expressed through spiritual gifts like speaking in tongues and healing. Evangelical Christians, a movement within Protestantism, focus on the necessity of a personal conversion experience and the importance of evangelism and spreading the Gospel.