Christian discipleship refers to the process of following Jesus Christ and growing in faith and spiritual maturity. Discipleship is more than merely accepting Christ as Savior; it involves continual transformation through learning, applying, and living out God’s Word in daily life. Spiritual growth entails developing Christlike character, living in the power of the Holy Spirit, and carrying out God’s purposes through good works. In this context, biblical teachings on discipleship and spiritual growth guide Christians in becoming more like Christ, maturing in faith, and fulfilling the Great Commission to spread the gospel.
Scriptures for Christian Discipleship and Spiritual Growth (For):
- Matthew 28:19-20 (KJV)
“Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost: Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.”
Interpretation: This passage is often referred to as the Great Commission. Discipleship involves both evangelism (baptizing) and teaching. Spiritual growth comes from learning to obey Jesus’ teachings and helping others do the same.
Theological View: Discipleship is a lifelong process where Christians are called to grow in knowledge, obedience, and service. - Luke 9:23 (KJV)
“And he said to them all, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross daily, and follow me.”
Interpretation: True discipleship involves self-denial and daily commitment to following Christ. Spiritual growth requires sacrifice, obedience, and daily dedication to Christ’s mission.
Theological View: Discipleship is not merely a one-time decision but a daily, ongoing commitment to the path of Christ. - John 15:5 (KJV)
“I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bringeth forth much fruit: for without me ye can do nothing.”
Interpretation: Spiritual growth is dependent on remaining connected to Christ, the source of all life and strength. Discipleship includes cultivating an intimate relationship with Jesus.
Theological View: Genuine discipleship is characterized by dependence on Christ for spiritual fruitfulness. - Romans 12:1-2 (KJV)
“I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service. And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.”
Interpretation: Discipleship involves living a life of holiness and transformation, no longer conforming to worldly patterns but continually being renewed by God’s Word.
Theological View: Spiritual growth is about spiritual transformation, which involves a commitment to both inner and outward change. - Philippians 3:13-14 (KJV)
“Brethren, I count not myself to have apprehended: but this one thing I do, forgetting those things which are behind, and reaching forth unto those things which are before, I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God in Christ Jesus.”
Interpretation: Discipleship is marked by a continuous pursuit of spiritual maturity, forgetting past failures and striving forward in Christlikeness.
Theological View: Spiritual growth is an ongoing journey, with Christians striving for the fullness of Christ’s likeness. - Colossians 2:6-7 (KJV)
“As ye have therefore received Christ Jesus the Lord, so walk ye in him: Rooted and built up in him, and stablished in the faith, as ye have been taught, abounding therein with thanksgiving.”
Interpretation: Discipleship involves rooting ourselves in Christ, which leads to spiritual stability and growth.
Theological View: A solid foundation in Christ is necessary for growth and maturity in the faith. - 2 Peter 3:18 (KJV)
“But grow in grace, and in the knowledge of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. To him be glory both now and for ever. Amen.”
Interpretation: Spiritual growth comes through the grace of God and the knowledge of Jesus Christ, which deepen over time as disciples seek God.
Theological View: Discipleship involves growing in both grace and knowledge, two fundamental aspects of spiritual maturity. - Hebrews 12:1-2 (KJV)
“Wherefore seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that is set before us, Looking unto Jesus the author and finisher of our faith…”
Interpretation: Discipleship is about perseverance in the race of faith, removing obstacles, and keeping Jesus as the focus of spiritual growth.
Theological View: Discipleship requires endurance and focus, continually looking to Jesus for guidance and strength.
Scriptures Against or Warning Against False or Shallow Discipleship (Against):
- Matthew 7:21-23 (KJV)
“Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.”
Interpretation: True discipleship involves not just words or deeds, but doing the will of God. It warns against superficial discipleship that lacks genuine obedience and relationship with Christ.
Theological View: Shallow or false discipleship may result in rejection by Christ if it is not rooted in true transformation and obedience. - Luke 8:13 (KJV)
“They on the rock are they, which, when they hear, receive the word with joy; and these have no root, which for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away.”
Interpretation: This passage highlights the danger of shallow discipleship, where people may initially respond to the gospel but fail to grow deep roots in their faith.
Theological View: Discipleship requires a deep, lasting commitment, not just an emotional or superficial response to the gospel. - Romans 6:1-2 (KJV)
“What shall we say then? Shall we continue in sin, that grace may abound? God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any longer therein?”
Interpretation: True discipleship results in a transformed life, away from sin. Discipleship is incompatible with continued unrepentant sin.
Theological View: Discipleship involves a break with sin and a new life that is reflective of one’s commitment to Christ. - James 1:22 (KJV)
“But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves.”
Interpretation: Discipleship requires active obedience, not just passive listening to the Word.
Theological View: Genuine discipleship is marked by action, where hearing the Word leads to tangible changes in behavior. - James 2:17 (KJV)
“Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone.”
Interpretation: Faith without works is insufficient. Discipleship is about living out one’s faith through works, showing evidence of spiritual growth.
Theological View: Faith must be accompanied by action for true discipleship to be evident. - 1 Timothy 4:7 (KJV)
“But refuse profane and old wives’ fables, and exercise thyself rather unto godliness.”
Interpretation: This passage encourages discipline in spiritual practices, warning against distractions and emphasizing the need for intentional growth in godliness.
Theological View: Discipleship requires intentional effort and focus on spiritual development, avoiding worldly distractions. - Titus 1:16 (KJV)
“They profess that they know God; but in works they deny him, being abominable and disobedient, and unto every good work reprobate.”
Interpretation: A mere profession of faith without a corresponding change in behavior is a form of false discipleship.
Theological View: Genuine discipleship is always evident in the way one lives out their faith. - Revelation 3:15-16 (KJV)
“I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.”
Interpretation: This passage warns against lukewarm discipleship—half-hearted commitment to Christ that is neither fully engaged nor completely disengaged.
Theological View: Discipleship requires passionate commitment. A lukewarm faith is not acceptable.
Debate Around Hebrew, Greek, English, and Christian Translations
The Bible has been translated into many languages, with the most significant being Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, with the English translation becoming the primary scripture for English-speaking Christians. The translation of the Bible, particularly from Hebrew and Greek into English, involves complex debates on accuracy, meaning, and theological implications. These debates center on various issues, including the reliability of translations, the preservation of original meaning, and how modern translations are affected by different theological positions.
This analysis will explore the major points of contention, focusing on translation issues in key Christian doctrines, scriptural texts in the KJV, and the theological perspectives surrounding the translations of Hebrew and Greek texts.
The Hebrew and Greek Texts of the Bible
1. Hebrew Text (Old Testament)
The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) consists of the Old Testament writings, including the Torah (Law), Nevi’im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings). The Hebrew language was written using an ancient script that evolved over time. Its meanings can sometimes be ambiguous because of the lack of vowels in the original manuscripts, the limited vocabulary, and the context-dependent nature of some words.
- Example: Isaiah 7:14 (KJV) “Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.”
Hebrew Word “Almah”: The key word here is “almah,” traditionally translated as “virgin.” However, the Hebrew word “almah” means simply a young woman of marriageable age, and not necessarily a virgin. This translation has sparked theological debate, especially in terms of how this prophecy was understood in the Jewish and Christian traditions. The Septuagint (Greek translation) uses the word “parthenos,” which does mean “virgin,” aligning with the Christian interpretation of the prophecy as referring to the virgin birth of Jesus. Some argue that the Christian translation is influenced by the New Testament’s use of this verse (Matthew 1:23), while others assert that the original Hebrew text had no explicit reference to virginity.
2. Greek Text (New Testament)
The New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, a form of Greek spoken and written from the 4th century BC to the 4th century AD. Koine Greek differs from Classical Greek in its grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, making it more accessible but still complex to translate. Some Greek words carry significant theological weight, leading to debates about their precise meaning.
- Example: Matthew 16:18 (KJV)
“And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.”
The debate here revolves around the word “petra” (rock). In Greek, “petra” refers to a large rock or bedrock, while “petros” refers to a small stone or pebble. Some argue that Jesus was referring to Peter (Petros) as the foundation of the Church, while others maintain that Jesus was referring to Himself as the rock, with Peter being the small stone in the larger foundation of the Church. The Roman Catholic Church often interprets this as Peter being the foundational rock of the Church, leading to a papal tradition, while Protestant denominations reject this view, asserting that Jesus Himself is the true foundation.
3. Greek and Hebrew Translation Issues
- The Septuagint (LXX): The Septuagint is the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, completed between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. While it was widely used by early Christians, many translations have raised concerns about the accuracy of the Septuagint, particularly in the translation of Hebrew words into Greek. The difference between the Septuagint and the Masoretic Text (the traditional Hebrew text) becomes apparent in several Old Testament passages, and sometimes, the Septuagint offers a more “Christianized” interpretation, especially in Messianic prophecies. This has led some scholars to claim that the Septuagint is less faithful to the original Hebrew than the Masoretic Text, while others argue that the Septuagint reflects a faithful understanding of the text in its time.
- Textual Variants: There are significant differences in the manuscripts of both the Old and New Testaments. The Dead Sea Scrolls, for example, have provided additional Hebrew manuscripts, often showing differences with the Masoretic Text. In the New Testament, variations in early Greek manuscripts can affect readings in important passages, leading to debates on the “original” wording. For instance, in 1 John 5:7, the KJV includes a passage that is absent in most modern Greek manuscripts: “For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one.” This verse, known as the “Comma Johanneum,” has been a point of contention in Trinitarian debates, with some arguing it was a later addition to support the doctrine of the Trinity.
English Translations and Theological Debates
1. King James Version (KJV)
The King James Bible (1611) has been one of the most influential translations in Christianity, particularly in the English-speaking world. It is known for its majestic language, but its accuracy has been debated. The KJV is based on the Textus Receptus, a Greek text that was compiled in the 16th century. While the KJV is revered for its literary quality, some scholars argue that its translators did not have access to the earliest and most reliable manuscripts, leading to certain theological biases in translation.
- Example: Romans 3:25 (KJV) “Whom God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in his blood, to declare his righteousness for the remission of sins that are past, through the forbearance of God.”
The word “propitiation” in the KJV is used to translate the Greek word “hilasterion,” which means an atoning sacrifice or mercy seat. Some modern translations use “atoning sacrifice” instead, which better conveys the idea of Jesus’ role in reconciliation with God. The term “propitiation” has become controversial in modern theology due to its association with wrath and appeasement, leading to debates over whether this term reflects the true nature of Christ’s work.
2. Modern Translations (NIV, ESV, etc.)
Modern translations often aim for both accuracy and readability, with the aim of making the Bible accessible to contemporary audiences. These translations tend to rely on older and more diverse manuscripts, such as the Alexandrian text-type (Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus), which many scholars believe are closer to the original texts than the Textus Receptus. These translations may also use dynamic equivalence (thought-for-thought translation) rather than formal equivalence (word-for-word), which can result in variations in meaning and tone.
- Example: John 1:14 (KJV) “And the Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth.”
Modern translations like the NIV phrase it more directly: “The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us.”
The theological implication is that “dwelling” emphasizes God’s presence among His people in a more intimate way, whereas “tabernacled” in the KJV reflects the imagery of the Old Testament sanctuary, where God’s presence resided.
Accuracy of Greek Translations
How accurate are Greek translations? The Greek texts of the New Testament (primarily the Majority Text, Alexandrian Text, and Textus Receptus) are considered by scholars to represent the most faithful versions of the original autographs. However, due to the nature of language and the passage of time, no translation can perfectly capture all the nuances of the original languages. Greek words, in particular, often carry meanings that require interpretation based on context.
- Translation Challenges: Greek is a highly inflected language, where words often change forms based on their function in a sentence. This creates challenges for translators trying to retain the exact meaning in another language like English, which lacks the same level of inflection. Moreover, theological biases, denominational positions, and translation philosophies can influence how translators choose words or phrases.
- Theological Implications: Some translations may carry theological biases. For instance, the translation of words like “ekklesia” (church) may differ depending on whether a translator believes in a formal, institutional Church or in a more spiritual, individualistic understanding of the Church. These choices can affect how doctrines such as ecclesiology, sacraments, or salvation are understood.
Summary
The debate surrounding Bible translations, particularly in terms of the Hebrew, Greek, and English texts, revolves around the tension between faithfulness to the original languages and the necessity for clarity in modern language. Theological implications arise from translation choices, especially regarding key doctrines like the nature of Christ (e.g., the virgin birth, propitiation, and the Trinity) and the Church. While translations like the KJV have been foundational for many Christians, modern translations strive to offer greater accuracy by using older manuscripts and considering the linguistic complexities of the original languages. However, every translation involves a degree of interpretation, and no translation is without controversy, particularly when theological implications are considered.
Denominational Views
1. Roman Catholic Church
Summary: The Roman Catholic Church holds a rich tradition of sacraments, sacred tradition, and the authority of the Church, emphasizing the importance of both faith and works. Discipleship is viewed as a lifelong process of growth in Christ through participation in the sacraments (especially Eucharist), prayer, service to others, and the cultivation of virtues. The Church teaches that spiritual growth is facilitated through its ordained channels, including the authority of the Pope and the magisterium. Theological debates often center around the role of grace, the nature of salvation, and the importance of tradition alongside Scripture.
View for Discipleship: Roman Catholicism teaches that discipleship is achieved through the active participation in the sacraments and living a life according to the Church’s teachings. The Eucharist is seen as the real presence of Christ, and partaking in it helps believers grow spiritually.
- Scriptural Basis: John 6:53 (KJV) – “Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of man, and drink his blood, ye have no life in you.”
- Explanation: The word “flesh” (Greek: σάρξ, sarx) refers to the physical body of Jesus, and the word “blood” (Greek: αἷμα, haima) signifies His sacrificial death. The Catholic interpretation sees this as the real, transformative presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Argument Against: Critics argue that discipleship should not rely on rituals or sacraments but on personal faith and the sufficiency of Scripture.
- Scriptural Basis: John 6:63 (KJV) – “It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing…”
- Explanation: The Greek word for “flesh” (sarx) here is used to emphasize the insufficiency of human effort or ritual in bringing spiritual life. Critics argue that the Eucharist should be understood symbolically, not literally.
2. Eastern Orthodox Church
Summary: The Eastern Orthodox Church emphasizes the concept of theosis (divinization) as the goal of Christian discipleship. Through participation in the sacraments, prayer, and ascetic practices, believers are called to become more like God. The Church’s teachings are rooted in the Bible and Sacred Tradition, and it places a significant emphasis on the mystical union with Christ that is achieved through the Eucharist and other sacraments. Theological debates often revolve around the nature of salvation and the role of human effort in achieving theosis.
View for Discipleship: Eastern Orthodoxy sees discipleship as an ongoing process of theosis, which is the deification or participation in the divine nature. Discipleship is achieved through spiritual practices and union with Christ in the sacraments.
- Scriptural Basis: 2 Peter 1:4 (KJV) – “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature…”
- Explanation: The Greek term θεία φύσις (theia physis) refers to the divine nature, emphasizing the idea that believers can partake in the divine essence through Christ, which is the essence of theosis in Orthodox theology.
Argument Against: Some argue that the concept of theosis leads to an overemphasis on human transformation, detracting from the sufficiency of Christ’s work.
- Scriptural Basis: 1 Timothy 2:5 (KJV) – “For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.”
- Explanation: The Greek word μεσίτης (mesites) indicates that Christ is the only mediator, suggesting that salvation is through Christ alone and not through human participation in divine nature.
3. Evangelical Church
Summary: Evangelicals emphasize the importance of a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, with a strong focus on Scripture (sola scriptura) and salvation by faith alone (sola fide). Discipleship is understood as the process of becoming more like Christ, primarily through Bible study, prayer, and living out one’s faith in daily life. Evangelicals reject any notion of salvation by works or sacraments, viewing them as expressions of the faith rather than channels of grace.
View for Discipleship: For Evangelicals, discipleship is centered on personal faith, Bible study, and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit. It is understood as a lifelong process of sanctification.
- Scriptural Basis: Matthew 28:19-20 (KJV) – “Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.”
- Explanation: The Greek word μαθητεύσατε (mathetesate), meaning “make disciples,” emphasizes the active work of teaching and following Jesus. Evangelicals believe this calls for personal commitment and ongoing spiritual growth.
Argument Against: Critics argue that Evangelical discipleship can sometimes neglect the communal aspects of faith and the role of the Church in the believer’s growth.
- Scriptural Basis: Acts 2:42 (KJV) – “And they continued stedfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.”
- Explanation: The Greek word κοινωνία (koinonia) refers to fellowship, suggesting that discipleship involves communal living and sharing in the life of the Church, not just personal faith.
4. Protestant (General)
Summary: Protestant denominations, generally adhering to the principles of sola scriptura and salvation by faith, interpret discipleship as the process of spiritual growth through Bible study, prayer, and active service. Discipleship is often connected to the Reformation doctrine of sanctification and the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, without reliance on the sacraments or Church authority. Protestant debates often focus on the role of the Church in spiritual formation and whether works are necessary for salvation.
View for Discipleship: Discipleship for Protestants is centered on Scripture, faith, and personal growth in Christlikeness through the work of the Holy Spirit.
- Scriptural Basis: Romans 12:2 (KJV) – “And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.”
- Explanation: The Greek word μεταμορφόω (metamorphoo) refers to a complete transformation, implying that discipleship involves a deep, spiritual change as believers are conformed to Christ.
Argument Against: Some argue that an overemphasis on individual faith may lead to neglecting the communal aspects of Christian life and mutual accountability.
- Scriptural Basis: Hebrews 10:24-25 (KJV) – “And let us consider one another to provoke unto love and to good works: Not forsaking the assembling of ourselves together…”
- Explanation: The Greek term ἐπισυναγωγὴ (episunagoge) refers to the gathering of believers, which is crucial for discipleship and spiritual growth in the community.
5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)
Summary: Baptists emphasize believer’s baptism by immersion and a strong commitment to Scripture. Discipleship is seen as a lifelong process of obedience to Christ, focusing on personal faith, Bible study, and public witness. Baptists stress the importance of personal salvation and reject any reliance on sacraments or rituals for spiritual growth.
View for Discipleship: For Baptists, discipleship involves immersion baptism, personal commitment to Christ, and obedience to Scripture. It is an active, personal journey of growth and sanctification.
- Scriptural Basis: Acts 2:42 (KJV) – “And they continued stedfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.”
- Explanation: The word doctrine (Greek: διδαχή, didache) refers to teaching, emphasizing that discipleship is rooted in the teaching of Scripture.
Argument Against: Some argue that baptism by immersion should not be seen as the defining aspect of discipleship or spiritual growth, as it may overshadow personal faith and the inward work of the Spirit.
- Scriptural Basis: Colossians 2:12 (KJV) – “Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God…”
- Explanation: The word faith (Greek: πίστις, pistis) here emphasizes that salvation and growth in Christ are through faith, not just through ritual.
6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)
Summary: Methodists emphasize personal holiness and sanctification through the work of the Holy Spirit. Discipleship is viewed as a journey of becoming more Christlike, marked by both personal devotion and communal involvement. The Methodist tradition holds that spiritual growth involves both the grace of God and human cooperation, focusing on the pursuit of holiness.
View for Discipleship: Methodism stresses sanctification and holiness as the central aspects of discipleship. Disciples grow in grace and faith through personal devotion and acts of charity.
- Scriptural Basis: 1 Thessalonians 4:3 (KJV) – “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication.”
- Explanation: The Greek word ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) refers to sanctification, which is the process of being made holy, central to the Methodist understanding of discipleship.
Argument Against: Some argue that sanctification is not a one-time event but a process that does not require human effort beyond faith.
- Scriptural Basis: Philippians 3:12 (KJV) – “Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect…”
- Explanation: The Greek word τελείως (teleios) implies maturity, indicating that discipleship is a progressive journey rather than a completed state.
7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)
Summary: Lutherans emphasize salvation by grace through faith, with discipleship focusing on living out this grace in daily life. Spiritual growth is seen as a response to God’s grace, facilitated by the Word and sacraments. Lutherans view discipleship as being rooted in the Gospel, and their theological debates often center on the nature of grace and the sacraments.
View for Discipleship: Discipleship for Lutherans is rooted in God’s grace, received through faith and expressed through living out that grace in the world.
- Scriptural Basis: Romans 6:4 (KJV) – “Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.”
- Explanation: The Greek word ἀναστηθῶμεν (anastēthōmen) refers to rising from the dead, emphasizing that discipleship begins with resurrection life in Christ.
Argument Against: Some argue that discipleship should focus more on personal devotion and less on ritualistic practices like baptism and the Eucharist.
- Scriptural Basis: Ephesians 2:8-9 (KJV) – “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God.”
- Explanation: The word χάρις (charis) emphasizes grace, meaning that salvation and growth are through God’s unmerited favor, not through rituals.
8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)
Summary: Pentecostals emphasize the baptism of the Holy Spirit as essential for spiritual growth and empowerment. Discipleship is seen as closely tied to the experience of the Holy Spirit, with speaking in tongues often seen as evidence of spiritual maturity. Pentecostals value personal holiness, fervent prayer, and active service in the community.
View for Discipleship: Discipleship for Pentecostals is linked to the empowering work of the Holy Spirit, with spiritual growth evidenced by the gifts of the Spirit.
- Scriptural Basis: Acts 1:8 (KJV) – “But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me…”
- Explanation: The Greek word δύναμις (dynamis) refers to power, indicating that discipleship involves receiving divine power for service and spiritual growth.
Argument Against: Critics argue that an overemphasis on spiritual gifts can distract from the core of discipleship, which is growing in Christlike character.
- Scriptural Basis: 1 Corinthians 12:29-30 (KJV) – “Are all apostles? are all prophets? are all teachers? are all workers of miracles?”
- Explanation: The Greek word δώρα (dora) implies that not everyone will receive the same spiritual gifts, suggesting that discipleship focuses on personal faith, not just external manifestations.
9. Jehovah’s Witnesses
Summary: Jehovah’s Witnesses teach that discipleship is about loyalty to Jehovah and following the teachings of the Watch Tower Society. They emphasize the importance of door-to-door ministry, Bible study, and living in accordance with Jehovah’s commandments. Discipleship is marked by a strict code of conduct and the rejection of many mainstream Christian doctrines.
View for Discipleship: Jehovah’s Witnesses believe discipleship involves exclusive worship of Jehovah and a commitment to the Kingdom of God as interpreted by their organization.
- Scriptural Basis: Matthew 24:14 (KJV) – “And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations…”
- Explanation: The Greek word εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) refers to the good news, emphasizing the Witnesses’ mission of preaching Jehovah’s Kingdom.
Argument Against: Some argue that Jehovah’s Witnesses emphasize works over the grace of Christ, undermining the biblical doctrine of salvation through faith.
- Scriptural Basis: Ephesians 2:8-9 (KJV) – “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God.”
- Explanation: The Greek word χάρις (charis) emphasizes that salvation is by God’s grace, not by human effort or adherence to a specific set of rules.
10. Mormonism (LDS)
Summary: Mormons believe that discipleship involves following the teachings of Jesus Christ and the prophets of the LDS Church, along with adhering to the Book of Mormon. Discipleship is seen as a path toward becoming like God, with an emphasis on obedience to commandments, temple ordinances, and missionary work. The Church teaches that spiritual growth is closely tied to both faith in Christ and the works commanded by the LDS Church.
View for Discipleship: For Mormons, discipleship is about following the teachings of Christ and the LDS prophets, with an emphasis on works and ordinances that facilitate spiritual growth.
- Scriptural Basis: Matthew 5:48 (KJV) – “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.”
- Explanation: The Greek word τέλειος (teleios) refers to perfection or completeness, suggesting that discipleship for Mormons involves striving for a perfection that aligns with God’s character.
Argument Against: Critics argue that Mormons place too much emphasis on works and human effort for salvation, which detracts from the biblical teaching of salvation by grace through faith.
- Scriptural Basis: Galatians 1:8-9 (KJV) – “But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.”
- Explanation: The word εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) refers to the gospel, and critics argue that Mormon teachings deviate from the true gospel of grace.
11. Seventh-day Adventist
Summary: Seventh-day Adventists emphasize obedience to God’s commandments, especially the observance of the Sabbath. Discipleship is seen as a process of sanctification through the power of the Holy Spirit, marked by both faith in Christ and adherence to the commandments. The Adventist faith focuses on living a healthy lifestyle, preparing for the Second Coming of Christ, and upholding the teachings of the Bible.
View for Discipleship: Seventh-day Adventists believe that discipleship involves keeping the commandments, particularly the Sabbath, and preparing for Christ’s return.
- Scriptural Basis: Matthew 5:17-19 (KJV) – “Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.”
- Explanation: The Greek word πληρῶσαι (plērosai) refers to fulfilling or completing, suggesting that discipleship involves a commitment to keeping God’s law, not abolishing it.
Argument Against: Critics argue that the emphasis on the Sabbath observance may detract from the centrality of faith in Christ for salvation.
- Scriptural Basis: Colossians 2:16-17 (KJV) – “Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days…”
- Explanation: The Greek word σκιὰ (skia) refers to a shadow, indicating that the Old Testament observances, such as the Sabbath, are shadows of the greater reality found in Christ.
Conclusion
Christian discipleship and spiritual growth are central aspects of the Christian faith. They involve a commitment to following Christ, growing in faith, and transforming one’s life in line with biblical teachings. However, various denominations interpret and emphasize these aspects differently, with their own unique theological perspectives.
For instance, Roman Catholics emphasize discipleship through the sacraments, spiritual formation, and living in communion with the Church. Evangelicals focus on personal faith, the authority of Scripture, and the importance of sanctification through the Holy Spirit. Baptists and Protestants often stress the necessity of individual commitment, immersion baptism, and obedience to Scripture. Pentecostals emphasize the empowerment of the Holy Spirit for spiritual growth, including speaking in tongues as evidence of spiritual maturity. Similarly, other denominations, such as Methodists, Lutherans, and Seventh-day Adventists, each contribute distinctive perspectives rooted in their theological understanding of sanctification, grace, and the role of the Church.
Despite these differences, all denominations agree that Christian discipleship is about growing in Christlikeness, living according to Scripture, and relying on God’s grace and strength.
Table 1: Denominations – View for Christian Discipleship and Spiritual Growth
| Denomination | View for Interpretation | Scripture Basis Reference | KJV Scripture Quote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Catholic Church | Discipleship involves sacraments, participation in the life of the Church, and works of charity | Ephesians 4:11-13 | “And he gave some, apostles; and some, prophets; and some, evangelists; and some, pastors and teachers; For the perfecting of the saints, for the work of the ministry, for the edifying of the body of Christ.” |
| Eastern Orthodox Church | Discipleship focuses on theosis (becoming one with God) and spiritual formation through the Church | 2 Peter 1:4 | “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature…” |
| Evangelical Church | Discipleship emphasizes personal salvation, Bible study, prayer, and living by the Spirit | Matthew 28:19-20 | “Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.” |
| Protestant (General) | Discipleship centers on sola scriptura and the transformative power of Scripture and the Holy Spirit | Romans 12:2 | “And be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind, that ye may prove what is that good, and acceptable, and perfect, will of God.” |
| Baptist (General) | Discipleship involves commitment to Scripture, the local church, and believer’s baptism | Acts 2:42 | “And they continued stedfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers.” |
| Methodist | Discipleship includes sanctification, personal holiness, and a connection with the Holy Spirit | 1 Thessalonians 4:3 | “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication.” |
| Lutheran | Discipleship emphasizes living by faith, grace, and the sacraments as means of spiritual growth | Romans 6:4 | “Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.” |
| Pentecostal | Discipleship focuses on empowerment through the Holy Spirit, with spiritual gifts as evidence | Acts 1:8 | “But ye shall receive power, after that the Holy Ghost is come upon you: and ye shall be witnesses unto me both in Jerusalem, and in all Judaea, and in Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.” |
| Jehovah’s Witnesses | Discipleship involves strict obedience to Jehovah’s commands as interpreted by the Watch Tower Society | Matthew 24:14 | “And this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come.” |
| Mormonism | Discipleship requires following the teachings of the LDS Church and living by the Book of Mormon | Matthew 5:48 | “Be ye therefore perfect, even as your Father which is in heaven is perfect.” |
| Seventh-day Adventist | Discipleship includes adherence to the Sabbath and living according to the commandments of God | Matthew 5:17-19 | “Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill.” |
Table 2: Denominations – Argument Against Christian Discipleship and Spiritual Growth
| Denomination | Argument Against Interpretation | Scripture Basis Reference | KJV Scripture Quote |
|---|---|---|---|
| Roman Catholic Church | Discipleship should focus on faith alone, not works or sacraments | Ephesians 2:8-9 | “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God.” |
| Eastern Orthodox Church | Discipleship is about faith in Christ, not mystical union with God | 1 Timothy 2:5 | “For there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus.” |
| Evangelical Church | Discipleship should not be legalistic or works-based but centered on personal relationship with Christ | Galatians 2:16 | “Knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law, but by the faith of Jesus Christ…” |
| Protestant (General) | Discipleship should not be reduced to ritual but be a living relationship with Christ | James 1:22 | “But be ye doers of the word, and not hearers only, deceiving your own selves.” |
| Baptist (General) | Discipleship is not about ritual or tradition but personal faith and Bible engagement | John 14:6 | “Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me.” |
| Methodist | Discipleship is not about external observances but about personal holiness and living out grace | Titus 2:12 | “Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and godly in this present world.” |
| Lutheran | Discipleship should be based on faith, not ritual observances as means of salvation | Romans 3:28 | “Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law.” |
| Pentecostal | Discipleship does not require spiritual gifts to be valid, as all believers are empowered | 1 Corinthians 12:29-30 | “Are all apostles? are all prophets? are all teachers? are all workers of miracles?” |
| Jehovah’s Witnesses | Discipleship is based on the New Covenant, not on adherence to Watch Tower authority | Hebrews 9:15 | “And for this cause he is the mediator of the new testament…” |
| Mormonism | Discipleship must be centered on faith in Christ, not additional scriptures or works | Galatians 1:8-9 | “But though we, or an angel from heaven, preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed.” |
| Seventh-day Adventist | Discipleship does not depend on Sabbath observance for salvation | Romans 14:5 | “One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike.” |
Summary:
Christian discipleship and spiritual growth are essential aspects of the Christian life that vary significantly across denominations. While there is agreement on the importance of growth in Christlikeness, the specific means of achieving this growth differ. Roman Catholics emphasize the role of sacraments and the Church, while Evangelicals and Protestants focus on Scripture and personal faith. Baptists highlight individual commitment and Bible engagement, while Pentecostals stress empowerment through the Holy Spirit. Each denomination brings its unique theological perspective to the understanding of discipleship, influenced by its views on grace, works, sacraments, and the role of the Church. Despite differences, the common thread is the call to follow Christ, live according to Scripture, and grow spiritually in a way that reflects Christ’s character.