55. Sanctification (Growth in Holiness)

Sanctification is the process by which believers are made holy through the work of the Holy Spirit. It involves both a positional aspect (where believers are declared holy in Christ) and a practical aspect (where believers grow in holiness and conform more to the image of Christ). Sanctification is not just a one-time event but an ongoing process in the life of a believer.

Scriptures for Sanctification:

1 Thessalonians 4:3 (KJV)
“For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication.”
Interpretation: This verse emphasizes that sanctification is God’s will for every believer. It is a lifelong pursuit of holiness, particularly evident in avoiding sin like fornication.
Theological View: Evangelicals and Protestants view sanctification as a personal transformation that aligns the believer’s life with God’s will, which includes moral purity.
Romans 6:19 (KJV)
“I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.”
Interpretation: Sanctification involves a deliberate choice to yield to righteousness, replacing sin with holiness. It’s a conscious decision to live for God.
Theological View: Many Protestant denominations emphasize the active participation of believers in sanctification, seeing it as an ongoing process of spiritual growth.
1 Peter 1:15-16 (KJV)
“But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.”
Interpretation: Sanctification is not just a private, internal work; it affects every aspect of the believer’s life. The call to holiness is grounded in God’s own holiness.
Theological View: Both Evangelicals and Pentecostals emphasize personal holiness as a response to God’s nature and calling.
Ephesians 5:26 (KJV)
“That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word.”
Interpretation: The “washing of water” refers to the sanctifying power of the Word of God, which purifies and transforms believers through continual engagement with Scripture.
Theological View: Evangelical and Reformed Christians often see the Word of God as essential for the ongoing work of sanctification.
2 Corinthians 7:1 (KJV)
“Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God.”
Interpretation: Sanctification is a cooperative process. Believers are called to cleanse themselves from sin and pursue holiness with reverence for God.
Theological View: Methodists and holiness movements emphasize the idea that sanctification requires the believer’s active participation and growth in grace.
Hebrews 12:14 (KJV)
“Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord.”
Interpretation: Holiness is essential for entering into God’s presence, and it requires active pursuit and effort.
Theological View: Most Christian traditions stress that sanctification is essential to the Christian life, with holiness as an indispensable mark of true faith.
1 John 3:3 (KJV)
“And every man that hath this hope in him purifieth himself, even as he is pure.”
Interpretation: Sanctification involves purification from sin, which is motivated by the hope of seeing Christ. It is an ongoing transformation as believers live in anticipation of Christ’s return.
Theological View: Evangelicals believe in the transformative power of hope in Christ, which motivates the pursuit of holiness.
Titus 2:14 (KJV)
“Who gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works.”
Interpretation: Sanctification involves being purified for God’s purposes, leading to a zealous pursuit of good works.
Theological View: In the Wesleyan and Methodist tradition, sanctification is both a positional act and an active pursuit of living out God’s will in daily life.

Scriptures Against (or Misunderstood Concepts of Sanctification):

Romans 7:18 (KJV)
“For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not.”
Interpretation: This verse reflects the struggle believers face with the flesh and sin. Sanctification does not imply perfection in this life but a continuous struggle against sin.
Theological View: Some might misinterpret this to mean that sanctification is impossible or unattainable in this life, though most Christian traditions understand it as a progressive journey.
Galatians 5:17 (KJV)
“For the flesh lusteth against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh: and these are contrary the one to the other: so that ye cannot do the things that ye would.”
Interpretation: Sanctification is not automatic. There is an internal conflict between the flesh and the Spirit, making perfect sanctification in this life a continuous battle.
Theological View: This verse challenges views that suggest believers will reach sinless perfection in this life, aligning more with those who view sanctification as a continuous struggle.
Philippians 3:12 (KJV)
“Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus.”
Interpretation: Sanctification is an ongoing process. Paul makes it clear that even he has not yet reached perfection but presses on toward the goal.
Theological View: This verse speaks against the concept of sinless perfectionism, which is not a widely accepted view in most Christian traditions.
Romans 8:3 (KJV)
“For what the law could not do, in that it was weak through the flesh, God sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh, and for sin, condemned sin in the flesh.”
Interpretation: This verse underscores that the law could not achieve sanctification, which only comes through Christ’s work on the cross. Sanctification is not achieved by human effort alone.
Theological View: This challenges any notion that sanctification can be attained by legalistic or moral striving.
1 John 1:8 (KJV)
“If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.”
Interpretation: Sanctification does not lead to sinless perfection. While Christians are called to grow in holiness, they will still struggle with sin in this life.
Theological View: This supports the view that complete sanctification will not be realized until the believer is glorified.
2 Corinthians 12:7-9 (KJV)
“And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure. For this thing I besought the Lord thrice, that it might depart from me. And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me.”
Interpretation: Even Paul faced struggles in his sanctification, and God chose not to remove his weakness. This demonstrates that sanctification is not about eliminating all struggles or weaknesses in this life.
Theological View: This view highlights that sanctification involves growing through trials and not necessarily achieving immediate victory over every weakness.
Matthew 26:41 (KJV)
“Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.”
Interpretation: Sanctification involves the tension between the willingness of the spirit and the weakness of the flesh.
Theological View: This aligns with those who believe sanctification is an ongoing struggle and cannot be perfectly attained in this life.
Romans 8:22-23 (KJV)
“For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now. And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.”
Interpretation: Sanctification is not fully realized until the believer receives their glorified body, which will be free from the struggle with sin.
Theological View: This reinforces the view that complete sanctification will only be realized in the afterlife.

Sanctification in the Hebrew, Greek, English, and Christian Translations

The doctrine of sanctification has deep theological roots in both the Old and New Testaments, and the translations of key terms in Hebrew, Greek, and English have shaped interpretations throughout church history. Understanding the Hebrew, Greek, and English translations is critical to understanding how sanctification is viewed and taught across different Christian traditions. This analysis will explore the key terms, potential translation issues, theological debates, and the influence of various translations on our understanding of sanctification.

Hebrew: Old Testament Context and Terms

In the Old Testament, the primary Hebrew words that relate to sanctification are:

קדש (qadash) – This is the most common Hebrew word for sanctification, which means to “set apart” or “make holy.” The root idea is separation, which implies consecration for a particular use or purpose, especially in relation to God. Scripture:
- Exodus 31:13 (KJV) “Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it is a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that ye may know that I am the Lord that doth sanctify you.”
  Interpretation: In this context, God sanctifies the people of Israel, setting them apart for His special purpose.
Theological Issue: The Hebrew concept of sanctification in the Old Testament is primarily about setting apart, consecrating, and purifying for divine service. However, the problem in translation lies in how “setting apart” is understood. Some argue that this implies an external ritual or ceremonial act (e.g., Levitical rituals), while others suggest a deeper spiritual transformation is intended.
טהר (taher) – This verb also relates to purification and holiness. It carries the idea of “cleansing” or “purging” from sin, especially in ceremonial contexts. Scripture:
- Psalm 51:10 (KJV) “Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit within me.”
  Interpretation: David’s prayer is not merely for ritual cleansing but for moral and spiritual renewal. This aligns with the deeper aspect of sanctification—personal purity and holiness.
Theological Issue: The problem in translation often lies in distinguishing between external purity (ritual) and internal purity (spiritual transformation). Some translations may focus too heavily on ritual purification, while others (e.g., the Septuagint and later Christian interpretations) expand the idea into a broader concept of personal holiness.

Greek: New Testament Context and Terms

In the New Testament, the Greek language provides more nuanced and developed terms for sanctification. The Greek terms are critical to understanding the theological debates surrounding sanctification in Christian doctrine.

ἁγιάζω (hagiazō) – This is the verb form used most often for sanctification in the New Testament. It means “to make holy” or “to set apart.” It often refers to both an immediate act (being made holy) and a progressive process (growing in holiness). Scripture:
- John 17:17 (KJV) “Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.”
  Interpretation: Jesus prays for the sanctification of His disciples through the truth of God’s Word. Here, sanctification is a process that begins with truth and is progressively worked out in the believer’s life.
Theological Issue: The main theological debate about ἁγιάζω (hagiazō) is whether sanctification is instantaneous (as some Pentecostal traditions might assert) or gradual (as held by other Reformed and Evangelical traditions). Greek grammar allows for both interpretations, and the context of the passage often determines which view is preferred.
ἁγιωσύνη (hagiosynē) – This noun refers to “holiness” and can describe both the state of being holy and the pursuit of holiness. Scripture:
- Romans 6:22 (KJV) “But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.”
  Interpretation: Sanctification here is not just positional but practical. Believers are freed from sin and serve God, resulting in holiness that leads to eternal life.
Theological Issue: The debate here is whether sanctification is primarily a state or a process. Some believe in an “already/not yet” tension in sanctification, where believers are already holy in Christ but must continue to grow in holiness throughout their lives.
ἁγνίζω (hagnizō) – This verb also means “to purify” or “to cleanse,” and it is often used in a more specific sense of purging from sin. Scripture:
- 1 John 1:7 (KJV) “But if we walk in the light, as he is in the light, we have fellowship one with another, and the blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin.”
  Interpretation: Sanctification involves the cleansing from sin by the blood of Christ. The purging of sin is a foundational aspect of the believer’s sanctification.
Theological Issue: Some translations focus too heavily on ceremonial cleansing, ignoring the deeper moral and spiritual cleansing necessary for true sanctification. This has led to differing interpretations of sanctification as either a one-time event or an ongoing process.

English Translation Issues

The English translations of terms related to sanctification, especially in the King James Version (KJV), have had a significant influence on Christian doctrine.

Sanctification as Both Position and Process: The KJV often presents sanctification as both a completed action and an ongoing process. This dual focus has led to confusion in some quarters about whether sanctification is instantaneous or gradual. The KJV includes verses that support both views.
- 1 Corinthians 6:11 (KJV) “And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God.”
  Interpretation: This passage presents sanctification as something already completed, as part of the believer’s new identity in Christ.
The Tension Between Perfectionism and Progressive Sanctification: English translations, particularly in some modern versions like the NIV, have tended to emphasize sanctification as a gradual process, which may downplay the holiness already imputed to believers in Christ. This has sparked debates, particularly between those who affirm “entire sanctification” (i.e., perfectionism) and those who view sanctification as a lifelong process. Theological Issue: Some denominations, like those in the Holiness movement (Methodists, some Pentecostals), interpret sanctification as a second work of grace leading to sinless perfection, while others believe sanctification is an ongoing struggle with sin until the believer is glorified.

Christian Traditions and Theological Views

The interpretation of sanctification in Christian theology is shaped by how one understands the biblical languages and translations. Below are the key theological views regarding sanctification:

Roman Catholic: Views sanctification as both a positional and progressive reality, with a heavy emphasis on the sacraments. The doctrine of purgatory also reflects an understanding of sanctification that continues beyond death.
Eastern Orthodox: Focuses on the concept of theosis (divinization), wherein sanctification is a transformative process that leads to union with God. The mystical and sacramental life is crucial here.
Evangelical: Generally views sanctification as a progressive process, empowered by the Holy Spirit. While believers are declared holy positionally, they are called to grow in holiness throughout their lives.
Protestant: Emphasizes the need for personal holiness, with a view that sanctification is a process of being conformed to the image of Christ, largely through the work of the Holy Spirit.
Baptist: Typically affirms a progressive view of sanctification, stressing personal responsibility in pursuing holiness, often accompanied by the struggle against sin.
Methodist: Strongly emphasizes entire sanctification, the belief that believers can experience a second work of grace that leads to sinless perfection in this life.
Lutheran: Holds that sanctification is an ongoing process, rooted in justification, and cannot be completed in this life. It is a constant struggle against sin and is marked by the work of the Holy Spirit.
Pentecostal: Emphasizes both positional and progressive sanctification, often with an emphasis on a second experience, such as baptism in the Holy Spirit, that empowers the believer for holy living.
Jehovah’s Witnesses: Emphasize sanctification as a process of continuous obedience to God’s commands, especially as interpreted by the Watch Tower Society.
Mormonism (LDS): Views sanctification as a lifelong process that is closely connected to obedience to God’s commandments, temple ordinances, and the atonement of Christ.
Seventh-day Adventist: Emphasizes sanctification as a continuous work of God through the Holy Spirit, focusing on obedience to God’s commands, particularly in regard to health, worship, and the Second Coming.

Summary

Sanctification is a complex and multifaceted doctrine with significant theological implications. The translation of key terms in Hebrew and Greek influences how sanctification is understood in Christian theology. While terms like qadash (Hebrew) and hagiazō (Greek) emphasize both the setting apart and the purging of sin, English translations have struggled with balancing the positional and progressive aspects of sanctification. Theological debates often center on whether sanctification is a one-time event (as seen in some traditions) or an ongoing process. Christian denominations vary widely in their views on sanctification, with some, like Methodists and Pentecostals, emphasizing a second work of grace, while others see it as an ongoing struggle until glorification.

Denominational Views

1. Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church teaches that sanctification is both a positional and a progressive reality. It is initially conferred through the sacrament of baptism, where the believer is cleansed from original sin and made holy in Christ. However, sanctification is also seen as a continuous process, aided by the sacraments, prayer, and good works, which help the believer grow in holiness. Roman Catholic theology embraces the idea of purgatory as a final purification before entering Heaven. The Catholic Church’s focus is on the communal and sacramental nature of sanctification, rather than on individual progress alone.

For Sanctification

Scripture:
- 1 Corinthians 6:11 (KJV) “And such were some of you: but ye are washed, but ye are sanctified, but ye are justified in the name of the Lord Jesus, and by the Spirit of our God.”
  Interpretation: The believer is sanctified at the point of conversion and baptism. The word “sanctified” here is from the Greek ἁγιάζω (hagiazō), meaning “to make holy or set apart.” The action of the Holy Spirit through baptism is the means of this sanctification.
  Theological Debate: Roman Catholics emphasize that sanctification is not just a one-time event but also a continuous process through the sacraments. The challenge in interpretation is how to balance the immediate sanctification at baptism with the need for ongoing moral purity and good works.

Against Sanctification (as an instantaneous or solely sacramental event)

Scripture:
- Hebrews 10:14 (KJV) “For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified.”
  Interpretation: This passage suggests that sanctification is a completed work, once and for all, by the sacrifice of Christ. The word ἁγιάζω (hagiazō) in this context is interpreted as an accomplished, singular act, opposed to the notion of needing repeated sacramental acts for ongoing sanctification.
  Theological Debate: The Catholic view of continuous sanctification through sacraments can seem at odds with the idea of sanctification being a finished work in Christ, as suggested by this passage.

2. Eastern Orthodox Church

In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, sanctification is closely tied to the doctrine of theosis, which is the process of becoming one with God. The Orthodox Church teaches that sanctification involves both God’s grace and human cooperation through prayer, fasting, and the sacraments. This is a process that continues throughout the believer’s life and extends into eternity. The ultimate goal of sanctification in the Orthodox view is not just to be holy but to partake in the divine nature of God.

For Sanctification

Scripture:
- 2 Peter 1:4 (KJV) “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.”
  Interpretation: The process of sanctification in the Eastern Orthodox Church is viewed as participation in the divine nature (θέωσις, theosis). The term θέωσις implies a deep, intimate union with God that brings about transformation and sanctification.
  Theological Debate: The Orthodox belief in theosis emphasizes an ongoing process, highlighting synergy between divine grace and human effort. Critics may argue that theosis can risk implying a too-physical understanding of sanctification, rather than focusing on spiritual transformation.

Against Sanctification (as a mere union with God)

Romans 6:22 (KJV) “But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.”
Interpretation: This emphasizes sanctification as a moral transformation in service to God, which goes beyond mere union with God. The Greek word ἁγιωσύνη (hagiosynē) here implies a practical, moral holiness that bears fruit in the life of the believer.
Theological Debate: Some critics of theosis argue that the idea of becoming “partakers of the divine nature” risks overemphasizing mystical union rather than the practical holiness that is expected of Christians.

3. Evangelical

Evangelical theology generally teaches that sanctification is both positional (given in Christ) and progressive (lived out through the Holy Spirit). Evangelicals emphasize that sanctification begins at conversion and continues as a work of the Holy Spirit in the believer’s life. While Evangelicals strongly affirm the role of the Holy Spirit in sanctification, they also stress that it requires personal responsibility through obedience to God’s Word.

For Sanctification

Scripture:
- Romans 8:13 (KJV) “For if ye live after the flesh, ye shall die: but if ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live.”
  Interpretation: Sanctification in Evangelical theology is seen as an ongoing process, empowered by the Holy Spirit. The verb ἀποκτείνω (apokteinō), meaning “to put to death,” refers to the daily battle against sin in the believer’s life, where sanctification is actively pursued.
  Theological Debate: Evangelicals emphasize the active role of the believer in fighting against sin, which stands in contrast to certain sacramental views of sanctification.

Against Sanctification (as a purely individual process)

Hebrews 10:14 (KJV) “For by one offering he hath perfected for ever them that are sanctified.”
Interpretation: This verse underlines that sanctification is a finished work through the sacrifice of Christ, thus emphasizing the positional aspect of sanctification over the progressive aspect.
Theological Debate: Critics of an overly individualistic view of sanctification argue that this passage emphasizes the work of Christ rather than the ongoing struggle of the believer.

4. Protestant (General)

Protestantism views sanctification as a work of God through the Holy Spirit, starting at conversion and continuing throughout a believer’s life. Most Protestant traditions, including Reformed and Baptist branches, emphasize that sanctification involves both a new nature (given by God) and the believer’s effort to live in obedience to God’s Word. Sanctification, in this sense, is a cooperative process but always initiated and empowered by the grace of God.

For Sanctification

1 Thessalonians 4:3 (KJV) “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication.”
Interpretation: This verse clearly states that God’s will is for the believer’s sanctification, and it involves specific actions, such as avoiding sin. The word ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) refers to the process of becoming holy, which includes both the internal transformation of the heart and outward actions.
Theological Debate: Many Protestants argue that sanctification is primarily about obedience to God’s Word and transforming the believer’s character. Others debate whether sanctification is an ongoing process or something completed through justification.

Against Sanctification (as a mere personal effort)

Romans 6:6 (KJV) “Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin.”
Interpretation: This verse emphasizes the once-and-for-all nature of sanctification in Christ, suggesting that the believer is already sanctified in their new identity. The verb συνταυτίζομαι (suntautizomai), meaning “to be crucified with,” implies that the believer’s sanctification is deeply tied to the work of Christ, rather than purely the result of personal striving.
Theological Debate: Critics argue that an emphasis on personal effort for sanctification may undermine the centrality of Christ’s completed work on the cross.

5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)

The Baptist view of sanctification aligns closely with Evangelical teaching, affirming that sanctification begins at conversion and continues throughout a believer’s life. Baptists tend to emphasize the distinction between justification (a one-time event) and sanctification (a lifelong process). They believe in the personal responsibility of believers to live holy lives, empowered by the Holy Spirit.

For Sanctification

Philippians 2:12 (KJV) “Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.”
Interpretation: Baptists stress the believer’s active participation in sanctification, based on God’s work in them. The phrase ἐργάζεσθαι (ergazesthai), meaning “to work,” implies that sanctification requires active cooperation with God’s grace.
Theological Debate: Baptists often emphasize that sanctification is a cooperative process, but always under the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

Against Sanctification (as a purely self-driven effort)

Romans 8:9 (KJV) “But ye are not in the flesh, but in the Spirit, if so be that the Spirit of God dwell in you. Now if any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of his.”
Interpretation: This verse suggests that sanctification is not achieved by human effort alone but by the presence and power of the Holy Spirit within the believer. The Greek word πνεῦμα (pneuma) emphasizes the indispensable role of the Holy Spirit in sanctification.
Theological Debate: Critics of an overly works-based view of sanctification argue that this passage underscores the role of the Holy Spirit, rather than individual effort, in the sanctification process.

6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)

The Methodist tradition places a strong emphasis on the doctrine of Christian perfection, a concept central to John Wesley’s theology. Methodists teach that sanctification is a process that begins with justification and continues through a process of personal growth in holiness. Wesley taught that through the work of the Holy Spirit, believers can reach a state of “entire sanctification,” in which they experience freedom from the power of sin. This sanctification is not considered instantaneous but a progressive work of God’s grace in the life of the believer.

For Sanctification

1 Thessalonians 5:23 (KJV) “And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.”
Interpretation: Methodists interpret this passage as evidence of the complete sanctification that is available to believers through God’s grace. The term ὅλος (holos) meaning “whole,” signifies that sanctification should encompass every aspect of the believer’s being—spirit, soul, and body.
Theological Debate: Methodists emphasize the notion of entire sanctification, in which the believer is free from the dominion of sin. Critics may question the feasibility of achieving such perfection on earth, while others argue that the Methodist view downplays the ongoing struggle against sin.

Against Sanctification (as instantaneous or fully achievable on earth)

Romans 7:18 (KJV) “For I know that in me (that is, in my flesh,) dwelleth no good thing: for to will is present with me; but how to perform that which is good I find not.”
Interpretation: This passage from Paul suggests that complete sanctification, as envisioned in the Methodist doctrine of Christian perfection, may be an ideal rather than an achievable reality. The term σάρξ (sarx), meaning “flesh,” is used here to describe the ongoing struggle with sin in the believer’s life.
Theological Debate: Critics of the Methodist position argue that this passage supports the view that sanctification is an ongoing struggle and that the idea of attaining perfection on earth is not scripturally supported.

7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)

Lutherans view sanctification as a continuous process that begins with justification. Sanctification is not seen as a separate event but as a life-long journey that continues as the believer grows in their relationship with God. The Lutheran perspective emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit in sanctification, as well as the believer’s daily struggle against sin, but they maintain that it is by God’s grace alone that the believer is sanctified, not through works.

For Sanctification

Romans 12:1 (KJV) “I beseech you therefore, brethren, by the mercies of God, that ye present your bodies a living sacrifice, holy, acceptable unto God, which is your reasonable service.”
Interpretation: Lutherans interpret this as the call for believers to live holy lives in response to God’s mercy. The term ἱερὸν (hieron), meaning “holy” or “sacred,” implies that the entire life of the believer is to be offered in sanctification.
Theological Debate: Lutherans stress that sanctification is a response to God’s grace, and it occurs through the believer’s cooperation with the Holy Spirit, but always within the context of the ongoing battle against sin.

Against Sanctification (as a work dependent on personal effort)

Philippians 3:12 (KJV) “Not as though I had already attained, either were already perfect: but I follow after, if that I may apprehend that for which also I am apprehended of Christ Jesus.”
Interpretation: This passage emphasizes that sanctification is not about human achievement but is a continual process of striving toward holiness. The Greek word τηλέω (teleō), meaning “to reach” or “to attain,” underscores the idea that sanctification is a goal, not yet fully achieved.
Theological Debate: Critics of a works-based sanctification emphasize that believers are never fully perfect on earth, and thus, the Lutheran position argues that sanctification is an ongoing process rather than a finished work.

8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)

Pentecostals teach that sanctification is a twofold process: a definite work that begins at the moment of conversion and continues through the baptism in the Holy Spirit, which empowers believers to live holy lives. Pentecostals emphasize the role of the Holy Spirit in sanctification, viewing the experience of the Holy Spirit as key to living a sanctified life. The Pentecostal view stresses both the personal responsibility of the believer to pursue holiness and the empowerment of the Holy Spirit to enable them to do so.

For Sanctification

1 Thessalonians 4:7 (KJV) “For God hath not called us unto uncleanness, but unto holiness.”
Interpretation: Pentecostals understand this passage as reinforcing the call to sanctified living, which is enabled by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos), meaning “holiness,” emphasizes that sanctification is not optional for the believer but a command.
Theological Debate: Pentecostals believe that sanctification requires both divine empowerment (through the Holy Spirit) and personal effort. Some critics argue that Pentecostalism’s emphasis on the baptism of the Holy Spirit as the key to sanctification overemphasizes a second experience in the believer’s walk with God.

Against Sanctification (as reliant on a second experience)

Ephesians 2:8-9 (KJV) “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast.”
Interpretation: This passage teaches that salvation (and by extension sanctification) is by grace alone, not through any works or subsequent experiences. The Greek word χάρις (charis), meaning “grace,” underscores that sanctification is a work of God, not something that can be attained through human effort.
Theological Debate: Critics of the Pentecostal emphasis on a second work of grace argue that sanctification is already accomplished at conversion, and the subsequent work of the Holy Spirit is a continuous process, rather than a second experience.

9. Jehovah’s Witnesses

Jehovah’s Witnesses view sanctification as part of the process of becoming obedient to Jehovah and being recognized by him. Sanctification for them is directly tied to living in line with Jehovah’s commandments, particularly those revealed through the Watch Tower Society. They emphasize works as the central component of sanctification, seeing it as the effort to live righteously in accordance with the teachings of their faith.

For Sanctification

1 Peter 1:15-16 (KJV) “But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.”
Interpretation: Jehovah’s Witnesses see this as a command to live holy lives through personal effort, maintaining purity in conduct and thoughts. The Greek word ἅγιος (hagios), meaning “holy,” reflects the personal responsibility of every believer to live in obedience to God’s commands.
Theological Debate: Jehovah’s Witnesses emphasize obedience to Jehovah’s commands as the basis for sanctification, though critics may argue that this downplays the role of grace in the sanctification process.

Against Sanctification (as merely based on obedience)

Titus 3:5 (KJV) “Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.”
Interpretation: This verse emphasizes that sanctification is a work of God’s grace, not a result of human effort. The Greek term ἀναγέννησις (anagenēsis), meaning “regeneration,” highlights that sanctification is not about adherence to rules, but a transformation through the Holy Spirit.
Theological Debate: Critics of the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ understanding of sanctification argue that their focus on human obedience neglects the essential role of divine grace in the sanctification process.

10. Mormonism (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS)

In Mormon theology, sanctification is viewed as an essential part of salvation. Sanctification, for Mormons, is an ongoing process in which believers are gradually purified through adherence to commandments, repentance, and the grace of God. The LDS Church teaches that sanctification is achieved as part of the process of becoming like God, which is the ultimate goal of human existence. Sanctification is deeply linked to obedience to the laws and ordinances of the LDS faith, and believers are expected to seek holiness throughout their lives.

For Sanctification

2 Peter 1:4 (KJV) “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.”
Interpretation: Mormons interpret this as an invitation to partake in the divine nature, which aligns with their teaching of sanctification as a progressive process of becoming more like God. The Greek word θέωσις (theōsis), meaning “divinization,” points to the Mormon belief in becoming like God through sanctification and obedience to gospel principles.
Theological Debate: While many Christians would interpret this as referring to spiritual growth through the Holy Spirit, Mormons view it as a literal process of becoming godlike, which is at the heart of their doctrine of eternal progression.

Against Sanctification (as divinization or progressive godhood)

Romans 8:29 (KJV) “For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.”
Interpretation: This passage points to sanctification as a process of becoming more like Christ, not achieving divinity. The Greek word σύμμορφος (symmorphos), meaning “conformed,” emphasizes that believers are conformed to the image of Christ, not to become gods themselves.
Theological Debate: Critics of Mormon theology argue that the doctrine of becoming like God is not supported by the biblical understanding of sanctification, which centers around becoming more Christlike, not achieving divine status.

11. Seventh-day Adventist

The Seventh-day Adventist Church emphasizes sanctification as a vital part of the Christian experience. Adventists teach that sanctification begins with justification and continues through the work of the Holy Spirit. They also emphasize the importance of both spiritual growth and living in harmony with God’s commandments, including observing the Sabbath. Sanctification is seen as the preparation for the second coming of Christ, with believers being transformed into the likeness of Christ.

For Sanctification

Hebrews 12:14 (KJV) “Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord.”
Interpretation: Seventh-day Adventists interpret this passage as underscoring the necessity of holiness as part of sanctification. The Greek word ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos), meaning “holiness,” emphasizes that sanctification is essential for a believer to be in fellowship with God.
Theological Debate: Adventists argue that sanctification involves both moral living and doctrinal obedience, particularly the observance of the Ten Commandments. Critics, however, might argue that the emphasis on works in the Adventist understanding could downplay the role of grace.

Against Sanctification (as works-based or too focused on obedience)

Galatians 3:3 (KJV) “Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?”
Interpretation: This verse speaks against the idea that sanctification can be achieved through human effort alone. The Greek word σάρξ (sarx), meaning “flesh,” indicates that relying on human strength to attain sanctification is futile.
Theological Debate: Critics of the Adventist position argue that sanctification is primarily a work of the Holy Spirit and is not achieved by external adherence to commandments or observances like the Sabbath.

Summary

The doctrine of sanctification varies widely among different Christian denominations, with views ranging from progressive holiness and Christian perfection to the belief in a completed work of grace at the moment of conversion. Many denominations emphasize the role of the Holy Spirit, but the emphasis on the believer’s responsibility, the necessity of works, and the process of becoming like Christ or God varies. Biblical interpretations in different languages (Greek, Hebrew, and English) play a significant role in shaping these theological positions. For instance, words like ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) and ἁγιος (hagios) in Greek emphasize holiness as a key aspect of sanctification, while χάρις (charis) stresses grace. Additionally, different translations (like KJV) and theological traditions bring different nuances to the understanding of sanctification. Denominations like the Roman Catholic Church, Methodist, and Pentecostal emphasize both grace and works, while others like the Evangelical and Baptist traditions emphasize grace more strongly, sometimes with less focus on human effort. The LDS and Jehovah’s Witnesses offer distinct views on sanctification related to works and obedience, while the Seventh-day Adventists stress the importance of doctrinal observance, such as the Sabbath.

Conclusion

The doctrine of sanctification, particularly in the context of its theological implications, is a central and diverse aspect of Christian belief. It involves the process by which believers are made holy, either gradually or instantaneously, through the work of the Holy Spirit. Theological views vary significantly across different denominations, influenced by historical, cultural, and doctrinal factors. Some denominations focus on the idea of becoming more Christlike, while others emphasize the process of becoming like God or achieving spiritual perfection. The Greek, Hebrew, and English translations of key biblical words like ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos), ἁγιος (hagios), and χάρις (charis) contribute to the understanding of sanctification in each denomination’s interpretation of Scripture.

Below are the views, interpretations, and scriptural references for and against sanctification according to the major Christian denominations. These are followed by arguments against certain interpretations, with relevant scripture quotes that help to critique various views on sanctification.

Table 1: Views and Interpretations in Support of Sanctification

Denomination	View	Interpretation	Scripture Basis (Reference & KJV Quote)
Roman Catholic	Sanctification is a process that begins with baptism and continues through good works and sacraments.	Sanctification involves both the grace of God and human cooperation. The believer is gradually made holy through participation in the sacraments.	Romans 6:19 (KJV) “I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh: for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.”
Eastern Orthodox	Sanctification is theosis, the process of becoming one with God.	The process of sanctification is ultimately the believer’s union with God, making them partakers of the divine nature through God’s grace.	2 Peter 1:4 (KJV) “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world through lust.”
Evangelical	Sanctification is a lifelong process of growing in Christ’s likeness.	Sanctification is a work of the Holy Spirit, transforming the believer to be more like Christ, marked by a growing pursuit of holiness.	1 Thessalonians 4:3 (KJV) “For this is the will of God, even your sanctification, that ye should abstain from fornication:”
Protestant (General)	Sanctification is the work of the Holy Spirit in the believer’s life, resulting in growing holiness.	It is both instantaneous at salvation and progressive throughout the believer’s life.	Hebrews 12:14 (KJV) “Follow peace with all men, and holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord.”
Baptist (Southern)	Sanctification is the process of being set apart for God’s purposes.	It involves spiritual growth in obedience to God’s Word, empowered by the Holy Spirit.	Romans 6:22 (KJV) “But now being made free from sin, and become servants to God, ye have your fruit unto holiness, and the end everlasting life.”
Methodist (United)	Sanctification is the work of grace that leads to entire sanctification.	Entire sanctification involves a second work of grace, leading to perfect love and purity.	1 Thessalonians 5:23 (KJV) “And the very God of peace sanctify you wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul and body be preserved blameless unto the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.”
Lutheran (Missouri Synod)	Sanctification is the work of God, enabling believers to live out their faith.	It is a life-long process but is primarily the work of God, not the believer’s own effort.	Ephesians 2:10 (KJV) “For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.”
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God)	Sanctification is a progressive process, often accompanied by the Baptism in the Holy Spirit.	Sanctification is aided by the Spirit’s power and leads to a life of victory over sin and greater spiritual maturity.	2 Corinthians 7:1 (KJV) “Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting holiness in the fear of God.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Sanctification is achieved through obedience to God’s commandments.	It involves obedience to Jehovah’s laws and the teachings of the Watchtower Society.	1 Peter 1:15-16 (KJV) “But as he which hath called you is holy, so be ye holy in all manner of conversation; Because it is written, Be ye holy; for I am holy.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Sanctification is the process of becoming more like God.	Through the grace of God and adherence to commandments, believers can become partakers of the divine nature.	2 Peter 1:4 (KJV) “Whereby are given unto us exceeding great and precious promises: that by these ye might be partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the

Table 2: Views and Arguments Against Sanctification Interpretations

Denomination	View	Argument Against Interpretation	Scripture Basis (Reference & KJV Quote)
Roman Catholic	Sanctification is a process that begins with baptism and continues through good works and sacraments.	Sanctification should not be viewed as dependent on works or sacraments alone but as a gift of grace.	Ephesians 2:8-9 (KJV) “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast.”
Eastern Orthodox	Sanctification is theosis, the process of becoming one with God.	Theosis is not explicitly described in Scripture as the goal of sanctification, which focuses on becoming like Christ.	Romans 8:29 (KJV) “For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.”
Evangelical	Sanctification is a lifelong process of growing in Christ’s likeness.	The belief in a lifelong process can diminish the importance of the immediate transformation at conversion.	2 Corinthians 5:17 (KJV) “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.”
Protestant (General)	Sanctification is the work of the Holy Spirit in the believer’s life, resulting in growing holiness.	Sanctification as a progressive, continuous process might overemphasize the believer’s role and diminish the completed work of Christ.	Hebrews 10:10 (KJV) “By the which will we are sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all.”
Baptist (Southern)	Sanctification is the process of being set apart for God’s purposes.	Relying on works to achieve sanctification can be misinterpreted as salvation through effort.	Titus 3:5 (KJV) “Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost.”
Methodist (United)	Sanctification is the work of grace that leads to entire sanctification.	Entire sanctification as a second work of grace is not clearly supported in Scripture.	1 John 1:9 (KJV) “If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.”
Lutheran (Missouri Synod)	Sanctification is the work of God, enabling believers to live out their faith.	Sanctification cannot be solely dependent on God’s action; it involves the believer’s participation.	Philippians 2:12 (KJV) “Wherefore, my beloved, as ye have always obeyed, not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence, work out your own salvation with fear and trembling.”
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God)	Sanctification is a progressive process, often accompanied by the Baptism in the Holy Spirit.	Emphasizing the baptism of the Holy Spirit may confuse the role of the Spirit in sanctification with an experience.	Ephesians 4:30 (KJV) “And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Sanctification is achieved through obedience to God’s commandments.	Sanctification is a work of grace, not solely through obedience to a set of rules.	Galatians 3:3 (KJV) “Are ye so foolish? having begun in the Spirit, are ye now made perfect by the flesh?”
Mormonism (LDS)	Sanctification is the process of becoming more like God.	Becoming like God is not supported by biblical doctrine on sanctification.	Romans 8:29 (KJV) “For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Sanctification involves both spiritual growth and obedience to God’s commandments, especially the Sabbath.	Sanctification is not based on external observances but on the internal work of the Spirit.	Romans 3:28 (KJV) “Therefore we conclude that a man is justified by faith without the deeds of the law.”

Summary

Sanctification remains a central doctrine in Christian theology, and its interpretation varies across denominations. Some view it as a lifelong process of growing in holiness, while others emphasize a more instantaneous transformation at salvation. Theological debates often center around the role of works and grace, with some denominations placing greater emphasis on personal effort and others focusing on God’s grace. Translational differences in Scripture, such as the Greek words ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) for holiness and χάρις (charis) for grace, shape these interpretations. Ultimately, while there are shared elements, each denomination’s unique theological lens offers distinct perspectives on how believers are sanctified and transformed.