13. The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ

The resurrection and ascension of Christ are pivotal events in Christian theology. Christians believe that Jesus rose from the dead on the third day after His crucifixion, proving His victory over sin and death, and offering the hope of eternal life for believers. His ascension into heaven, forty days after His resurrection, marks the conclusion of His earthly ministry and the beginning of His reign at the right hand of the Father. These events affirm the truth of Christ’s divinity and mission. They are integral to the doctrine of salvation, providing the basis for the Christian hope in the afterlife and the return of Christ.

Scriptures Supporting the Doctrine of the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ:

Matthew 28:6
“He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse confirms Christ’s resurrection, showing that Jesus’ body is no longer in the tomb, just as He had foretold.
John 20:27-28
“Then saith he to Thomas, Reach hither thy finger, and behold my hands; and reach hither thy hand, and thrust it into my side: and be not faithless, but believing. And Thomas answered and said unto him, My Lord and my God.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The risen Christ appears to Thomas, offering tangible proof of His resurrection, leading Thomas to confess Jesus as both Lord and God.
1 Corinthians 15:20
“But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Paul emphasizes that Christ’s resurrection is a precursor to the future resurrection of believers, securing the promise of eternal life for those in Christ.
Luke 24:51
“And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse describes the ascension of Jesus, showing how He was taken up to heaven in the presence of His disciples, marking the end of His earthly ministry.
Acts 1:9-11
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight. And while they looked stedfastly toward heaven as he went up, behold, two men stood by them in white apparel; which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The ascension of Jesus is clearly depicted, and the angels promise His return, confirming that Christ’s ascension was not a departure but a temporary transition.
Romans 6:4
“Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse ties the resurrection of Christ to the believer’s new life, emphasizing that through His resurrection, believers also experience spiritual renewal.
Ephesians 1:20
“Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Paul describes both the resurrection and ascension of Christ, showing that Christ was raised from the dead and exalted to the position of honor at God’s right hand.
Philippians 2:9-11
“Wherefore God also hath highly exalted him, and given him a name which is above every name: That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth; And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This passage highlights the exaltation of Jesus following His resurrection and ascension, proclaiming His divine authority and universal reign.

Scriptures Against (or questioning the concept of) the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ:

Matthew 27:64
“Command therefore that the sepulchre be made sure until the third day, lest his disciples come by night, and steal him away, and say unto the people, He is risen from the dead: so the last error shall be worse than the first.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Some reject the resurrection, suggesting the disciples could have stolen Jesus’ body. This claim, however, is refuted by the appearance of Jesus to His disciples and others post-resurrection.
Mark 16:11
“And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Even some of the disciples initially doubted the resurrection, challenging the idea of a physical resurrection and showing how the event was initially met with skepticism.
Luke 24:11
“And their words seemed to them as idle tales, and they believed them not.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The early disciples found the report of the resurrection hard to believe, casting doubt on the event’s immediate reception and acceptance.
Acts 17:32
“And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The resurrection was met with mockery by some in the ancient world, demonstrating the difficulty some people have in accepting this central doctrine.
1 Corinthians 15:12
“Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead?” (KJV)
Interpretation: Paul addresses the issue of resurrection denial, showing that some in the early church questioned or rejected the resurrection of the dead, including that of Christ.
1 Corinthians 15:14
“And if Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is also vain.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse argues that if Christ’s resurrection did not occur, the entire foundation of the Christian faith is meaningless, making it clear that belief in the resurrection is central to Christianity.
2 Timothy 2:18
“Who concerning the truth have erred, saying that the resurrection is past already; and overthrow the faith of some.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Some were teaching that the resurrection had already happened, leading to confusion and undermining the faith of other believers.
Hebrews 9:28
“So Christ was once offered to bear the sins of many; and unto them that look for him shall he appear the second time without sin unto salvation.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse acknowledges that while Christ’s first coming dealt with sin, the second coming will complete the work of salvation, indicating that His ascension and return are linked to final redemption, not yet fully realized.

Debates Around the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ in Hebrew, Greek, and Christian Translations

The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ are two pivotal events in Christian theology. The way these events are described in scripture can vary depending on the translation, whether it be from the original Hebrew (mostly for the Old Testament), Greek (New Testament), or other Christian translations, including the King James Version (KJV). The debates around these translations often focus on the accuracy of the Greek text used in certain versions, as well as differences in interpretation and understanding.

The Greek New Testament is central to discussions surrounding the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, as the majority of New Testament texts were originally written in Koine Greek. Some translations, such as the KJV, are based on earlier Greek texts (like the Textus Receptus), while others rely on later critical texts (such as the Nestle-Aland or United Bible Societies Greek Text). These textual variants have implications for how key verses are understood, which in turn influences Christian doctrine, particularly the nature of the Resurrection and Ascension.

In this section, we will look at some key passages concerning the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, examine the Greek translations, and explore the theological implications and debates around these events.

Debates Surrounding the Resurrection of Christ

1. Matthew 28:6 – The Resurrection Announcement

“He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.” (Matthew 28:6, KJV)

Greek Debate:
The Greek word used here for “he is risen” is ἐγήγερται (egegertai), which is the perfect passive tense, indicating that the resurrection is a completed action with lasting effects. The passive voice indicates that the action (resurrection) was done to Christ, i.e., He was raised by God the Father.

Accuracy of the Greek: The Greek perfect tense emphasizes the finality of Christ’s resurrection and the lasting effects of this event. There is no ambiguity in the Greek regarding whether the resurrection was physical or spiritual.
Modern Translation Debate: Some translations, like the NIV or ESV, do not differ significantly in meaning but might phrase the announcement in slightly different ways to highlight the certainty of the event. However, the KJV is widely regarded as faithful to the Greek text here.

Problem:
The main debate here involves the nature of the resurrection. Some groups might claim that the resurrection was purely spiritual, but the Greek text’s use of the perfect passive verb suggests that it was a bodily resurrection. The interpretation of the text might vary depending on theological perspectives.

2. Luke 24:39 – Jesus Appears with a Body

“Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.” (Luke 24:39, KJV)

Greek Debate:
The Greek word used for “spirit” is πνεῦμα (pneuma), which can refer to a spirit or wind. The key distinction here is that Jesus clearly states that He has “flesh and bones”, highlighting the physical nature of His resurrection body. The Greek emphasizes that Jesus was not a disembodied spirit but a resurrected person in a physical form.

Accuracy of the Greek: The Greek text solidifies the doctrine of the bodily resurrection of Christ. There is no ambiguity here in the Greek, and the KJV’s translation aligns well with the original text.
Modern Translation Debate: The NIV and ESV preserve the meaning of the physical resurrection, but some newer translations might use different terms like “ghost” or “spirit” instead of emphasizing “flesh and bones” as strongly.

Problem:
Some modern translations downplay the physical nature of the resurrection, which could lead to a misunderstanding of the doctrine of the bodily resurrection of Christ. The Greek text here is unambiguous in describing Jesus’ bodily form after His resurrection.

3. John 2:19 – The Resurrection Foretold

“Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.” (John 2:19, KJV)

Greek Debate:
The Greek phrase used here is ἐγερῶ (egero), a first-person singular future tense verb meaning “I will raise up.” This emphasizes that Jesus Himself is the one who will raise Himself from the dead, making the resurrection an act of His divine power.

Accuracy of the Greek: The Greek verb egero emphasizes that Jesus has the authority to raise Himself from the dead, reinforcing His divinity and authority over life and death.
Modern Translation Debate: Most modern translations, like the NIV and ESV, maintain the meaning that Jesus is the one who will raise Himself, affirming His divine power and authority.

Problem:
Some interpret this passage in light of the broader Christian doctrine of the Father raising Jesus. However, the Greek clearly supports the idea that Jesus will raise Himself, reinforcing the concept of His divine nature and autonomy in the resurrection.

Debates Surrounding the Ascension of Christ

4. Acts 1:9 – The Ascension of Jesus

“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.” (Acts 1:9, KJV)

Greek Debate:
The Greek verb used here for “taken up” is ἀναλαμβάνω (analambano), which means “to lift up” or “to take up.” This verb strongly supports the understanding of Christ’s literal physical ascension into heaven.

Accuracy of the Greek: The Greek word analambano emphasizes the physical nature of Christ’s ascension, making it clear that He was bodily taken up into heaven.
Modern Translation Debate: Most modern translations like the NIV and ESV retain the physical nature of the ascension by using terms like “He was taken up” or “He was lifted up.”

Problem:
Some liberal theological views interpret the ascension as a symbolic event rather than a literal, physical one. However, the Greek supports a literal ascension, which contradicts such symbolic interpretations.

5. Mark 16:19 – Christ’s Ascension and Exaltation

“So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.” (Mark 16:19, KJV)

Greek Debate:
The Greek verb ἀναλαμβάνω (analambano) is also used here for the ascension. Additionally, the phrase “καθίσας ἐκ δεξιῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ” (kathisas ek dexion tou Theou) means “sat on the right hand of God,” which emphasizes Christ’s exaltation and authority.

Accuracy of the Greek: The Greek here affirms both the physical ascension and the exalted position of Christ at the right hand of God. The phrase “sat on the right hand of God” is significant in terms of Christ’s divine authority and role in heaven.
Modern Translation Debate: Most translations, like the NIV and ESV, preserve the phrase “sat at the right hand of God,” maintaining the understanding of Jesus’ authority and exalted position.

Problem:
Some modern translations may downplay the physicality of the ascension, focusing more on symbolic interpretations of Jesus’ exaltation. The Greek, however, supports a literal ascension and physical enthronement at the right hand of God.

The Accuracy of Greek Translations and Textual Issues

The Greek New Testament has undergone several revisions since its earliest manuscripts. There are two primary families of Greek texts used for translations: the Textus Receptus (used in the KJV) and the Critical Text (used in modern translations like the NIV and ESV). These two families of texts differ in certain readings, and debates around these differences can influence the understanding of certain passages, especially those dealing with significant doctrines like the Resurrection and Ascension.

Textus Receptus vs. Critical Text:
The Textus Receptus is based on a relatively small number of later manuscripts (mainly from the Byzantine text family), while the Critical Text is based on a wider range of earlier manuscripts, including those from the Alexandrian text family. The Textus Receptus has traditionally been viewed by conservative scholars as a more reliable text, but the Critical Text often reflects the oldest available manuscripts, which some argue provide a more accurate reading.
Textual Variants:
Some textual variants in Greek manuscripts can affect the interpretation of passages. For example, the ending of Mark 16 (Mark 16:9-20) is absent from some of the earliest Greek manuscripts, leading to debates over whether these verses should be included. The KJV includes them, but many modern translations (like the NIV and ESV) place them in brackets or omit them entirely.
Accuracy Concerns:
Both the Textus Receptus and Critical Text have strengths and weaknesses, and both have been scrutinized for potential errors or biases in their textual transmission. The accuracy of the Greek translations often depends on the manuscripts available and the methods used by translators. Modern translations tend to rely on a broader range of manuscripts, while the KJV depends on fewer, later manuscripts, which could raise questions about the accuracy of certain readings.

Summary

The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ are crucial doctrines in Christianity, and the Greek texts surrounding these events are essential for understanding their theological implications. The debates on the accuracy of Greek translations—whether from the Textus Receptus or Critical Text—reflect differences in manuscript sources, translation philosophy, and theological perspectives.

While the KJV offers a traditional translation based on the Textus Receptus, modern translations like the NIV and ESV are based on different textual traditions, which may present slight differences in interpretation. Despite these differences, the core doctrines of the Resurrection and Ascension are well supported across translations, with the Greek text consistently affirming the literal, bodily resurrection of Christ and His physical ascension into heaven.

Denominational Views and Their Scriptural Basis on the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ

Each Christian denomination holds unique theological positions on the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, with varying interpretations of scripture to support their beliefs. The following breakdown includes scriptural references from the King James Version (KJV) to illustrate each denomination’s position, alongside arguments for and against, and brief interpretations of each doctrine.

1. Roman Catholic Church

Resurrection and Ascension View:

The Roman Catholic Church holds that the Resurrection of Jesus Christ was both literal and physical. The Ascension, which occurred 40 days after the Resurrection, signifies Christ’s return to the Father and is celebrated as an important feast in the liturgical calendar.

Scriptural Basis For:

Matthew 28:6(KJV):
“He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.”
- Interpretation: This scripture affirms the physicality of Christ’s Resurrection, which is foundational to Catholic belief.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: This verse clearly describes the Ascension as a physical event in which Jesus returned to heaven.

Arguments Against:

There are no significant debates within the Catholic Church regarding the Resurrection and Ascension being literal events, as these are considered core doctrines.

Interpretation:

The Catholic Church teaches that the Resurrection affirms Christ’s victory over sin and death, offering salvation to believers. The Ascension underscores the belief that Jesus, though physically absent, remains spiritually present and continues His work of intercession.

2. Eastern Orthodox Church

Resurrection and Ascension View:

The Eastern Orthodox Church affirms the bodily Resurrection and Ascension of Christ, focusing on the cosmic victory Christ achieved through His Resurrection. The Ascension marks His exaltation and the sending of the Holy Spirit.

Scriptural Basis For:

Luke 24:39(KJV):
“Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”
- Interpretation: This verse emphasizes the physicality of Christ’s resurrected body, supporting Orthodox belief in the literal Resurrection.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension, a key doctrine in Orthodox theology, is supported by this passage, confirming Christ’s return to heaven in His bodily form.

Arguments Against:

Similar to Catholicism, there are no major debates within Eastern Orthodoxy regarding the literal nature of the Resurrection or Ascension.

Interpretation:

The Resurrection is viewed as the restoration of creation, making all things new. The Ascension not only shows Christ’s return to the Father but also signifies the ongoing role of the Holy Spirit in empowering believers.

3. Evangelical Christians

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Evangelicals emphasize the physical Resurrection and literal Ascension of Christ, teaching that these events are central to the Christian faith and guarantee eternal life for believers.

Scriptural Basis For:

John 2:19(KJV):
“Jesus answered and said unto them, Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.”
- Interpretation: Jesus’ prophecy of His own Resurrection is a key Evangelical belief, confirming His divinity and authority.
Mark 16:19(KJV):
“So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension affirms Christ’s exaltation to the Father’s right hand, validating His eternal reign.

Arguments Against:

Matthew 12:40(KJV):
“For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth.”
- Some critics challenge the literal interpretation of the Resurrection, suggesting it could be symbolic, pointing to Jesus’ use of metaphor in this passage.

Interpretation:

The Resurrection and Ascension are seen as the cornerstone of the Evangelical gospel message. The Ascension is also crucial for understanding Christ’s intercessory role at the right hand of God.

4. Protestant (General)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Protestants, in general, affirm the physical Resurrection of Christ and His literal Ascension to heaven. These events are viewed as central to the faith and confirm Jesus’ authority.

Scriptural Basis For:

Luke 24:51(KJV):
“And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension is supported here, showing that Christ’s return to heaven was not merely symbolic.
Romans 6:4(KJV):
“Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.”
- Interpretation: The Resurrection of Christ guarantees the believer’s resurrection, linking physical resurrection to spiritual renewal.

Arguments Against:

There are minimal disputes in Protestantism regarding the literal nature of the Resurrection and Ascension. The debates more often occur around eschatology or Christ’s second coming.

Interpretation:

In Protestantism, the Resurrection and Ascension serve to guarantee Christ’s victory over sin and affirm the promise of eternal life for believers. The Ascension is also tied to the empowerment of the Church through the Holy Spirit.

5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Baptists hold a literal and physical belief in the Resurrection of Jesus Christ and His Ascension, with both events viewed as essential for understanding salvation and Christ’s ongoing role as High Priest.

Scriptural Basis For:

1 Corinthians 15:20(KJV):
“But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept.”
- Interpretation: Christ’s Resurrection is seen as a guarantee of the future resurrection of believers, central to Baptist teaching.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension is a demonstration of Christ’s authority and a precursor to His second coming.

Arguments Against:

No significant theological debate within Baptist communities challenges the literal nature of the Resurrection or Ascension. However, there may be disagreements on eschatological implications.

Interpretation:

Baptists emphasize the bodily nature of both events, ensuring believers’ future resurrection and underscoring Christ’s sovereignty in heaven as He intercedes on their behalf.

6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Methodists, both United Methodists and African Methodists, uphold the literal Resurrection and physical Ascension of Christ, stressing that both are central to the believer’s hope in salvation.

Scriptural Basis For:

Romans 6:5(KJV):
“For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection:”
- Interpretation: The Resurrection of Christ is linked to the believer’s hope of resurrection and eternal life, which is a key Methodist doctrine.
Luke 24:51(KJV):
“And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension shows the exaltation of Christ and signals the beginning of His reign at the Father’s right hand.

Arguments Against:

There are no significant theological arguments within Methodism against the literal nature of the Resurrection and Ascension, although liberal perspectives may offer more symbolic interpretations.

Interpretation:

Methodists focus on the saving power of the Resurrection and Christ’s continuing intercession in His Ascended state, emphasizing sanctification and the work of the Holy Spirit in believers’ lives.

7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Lutherans, whether from the Missouri Synod or ELCA, emphasize the bodily Resurrection and Ascension of Christ. These events are central to the believer’s justification and sanctification.

Scriptural Basis For:

John 11:25(KJV):
“Jesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live:”
- Interpretation: The Resurrection is not just an event, but also a person—Christ Himself, who offers eternal life to believers.
Mark 16:19(KJV):
“So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension signifies Christ’s exaltation and His role as High Priest interceding for believers.

Arguments Against:

Debates typically occur on issues like the real presence in the Eucharist or eschatology, rather than on the physicality of the Resurrection or Ascension.

Interpretation:

For Lutherans, the Resurrection is a central mystery of the faith, guaranteeing the believer’s future resurrection, while the Ascension affirms Christ’s eternal reign and role in interceding for His Church.

8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Pentecostals also affirm the bodily Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus, with an emphasis on the spiritual empowerment that comes from Christ’s Ascension, particularly in the giving of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.

Scriptural Basis For:

John 14:19(KJV):
“Yet a little while, and the world seeth me no more; but ye see me: because I live, ye shall live also.”
- Interpretation: This speaks to the hope of the Resurrection, where Pentecostals view it as both a spiritual and physical reality.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension marks Christ’s exaltation and the beginning of the empowerment of the Church through the Holy Spirit.

Arguments Against:

There may be disagreements over the symbolic vs. literal nature of the Resurrection in some Pentecostal circles, especially among Oneness Pentecostals.

Interpretation:

Pentecostals emphasize the spiritual empowerment through the Holy Spirit, viewing the Resurrection and Ascension as the foundation for the Church’s mission and the believer’s spiritual renewal.

9. Jehovah’s Witnesses

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ was resurrected spiritually, not physically. They believe that His Ascension was a return to heaven as an invisible spirit, not a physical event. They interpret scriptures regarding Christ’s resurrection and ascension in light of their belief in Christ’s heavenly rule.

Scriptural Basis For:

Luke 24:39(KJV):
“Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”
- Interpretation: Jehovah’s Witnesses may argue that this was symbolic or an appearance in a physical form that was not permanent, reflecting their belief that Jesus’ resurrection was spiritual.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: They interpret the Ascension not as a literal bodily rising, but as a spiritual transition into heaven.

Arguments Against:

1 Peter 3:18(KJV):
“For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:”
- Jehovah’s Witnesses might argue this verse speaks to the spiritual resurrection, as they believe Jesus was resurrected as a spirit, not physically.

Interpretation:

Jehovah’s Witnesses view the Resurrection as a spiritual event rather than a physical one. They also interpret the Ascension as symbolic of Jesus’ heavenly enthronement, emphasizing his invisible rule rather than a physical return to heaven.

10. Mormonism (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS)

Resurrection and Ascension View:

The LDS Church believes in a literal bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ and affirms that He physically ascended to heaven. They teach that His Resurrection ensures the resurrection of all people, though they believe it is only through Christ’s atonement that individuals can gain eternal life in the presence of God.

Scriptural Basis For:

1 Corinthians 15:22(KJV):
“For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive.”
- Interpretation: Mormons believe this passage supports their doctrine of universal resurrection, where all will be resurrected physically, but only the righteous will enjoy eternal life.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension is seen as a literal, bodily event, with Jesus returning to heaven to continue His work, which includes the administration of salvation for all humankind.

Arguments Against:

Matthew 12:39-40(KJV):
“But he answered and said unto them, An evil and adulterous generation seeketh after a sign; and there shall no sign be given to it, but the sign of the prophet Jonas:”
- Some Mormons may have debates on the spiritual vs. literal nature of the Resurrection, citing Jesus’ own words about the sign of Jonah. But this is generally interpreted as reinforcing their belief in a literal resurrection.

Interpretation:

LDS theology teaches that the physical Resurrection was central to the atonement of Christ, ensuring the universal resurrection for all people. The Ascension is seen as a literal event confirming Christ’s divine status and reign.

11. Seventh-day Adventist

Resurrection and Ascension View:

Seventh-day Adventists hold to the literal bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ and affirm His physical Ascension. They see these events as foundational to their understanding of Christ’s salvation and future return. They also emphasize Christ’s mediatorial role in heaven.

Scriptural Basis For:

Matthew 28:6(KJV):
“He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.”
- Interpretation: The literal Resurrection is central to Seventh-day Adventist doctrine, confirming the reality of Christ’s power over death.
Acts 1:9(KJV):
“And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
- Interpretation: The Ascension is seen as a clear, visible event that confirmed the victory of Christ over death and His ongoing ministry in heaven.

Arguments Against:

John 20:29(KJV):
“Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.”
- Adventists may argue that belief in the unseen is essential for salvation, but they interpret this in line with the literal resurrection rather than dismissing it.

Interpretation:

Seventh-day Adventists emphasize the literal nature of the Resurrection and Ascension as a guarantee of Christ’s future return and a vindication of the believer’s hope in eternal life. Christ’s Ascension is also viewed as the beginning of His heavenly ministry, interceding for His people.

Summary of Views

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches both hold that Christ’s Resurrection and Ascension were literal and physical, essential for salvation and the foundation of their liturgical practices.
Evangelicals and Protestants broadly emphasize the bodily nature of both events, viewing them as central to the gospel and the hope of eternal life.
Baptists hold a similar position, but with a particular focus on individual salvation and Christ’s intercessory role.
Methodists emphasize Christ’s spiritual renewal through the Resurrection and see the Ascension as a precursor to the Pentecostal empowerment.
Lutherans view the Resurrection as foundational for justification and sanctification, while also affirming Christ’s reign through the Ascension.
Pentecostals place special emphasis on the empowerment of believers through the Holy Spirit, which follows Christ’s Ascension.
Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons hold to a spiritual Resurrection, interpreting the Ascension more in symbolic terms.
Seventh-day Adventists affirm the literal bodily Resurrection, seeing it as a promise of Christ’s second coming and the ultimate victory over death.

While most Christian denominations agree on the historic and physical nature of the Resurrection and Ascension, certain groups, like Jehovah’s Witnesses and Mormons, offer more spiritual interpretations of these events. The views held by each denomination provide unique insights into the broader Christian understanding of Christ’s victory over death and His eternal reign.

Debates Around Hebrew, Greek, and Christian Translations: The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ

Debates regarding the translation of scriptures in Hebrew, Greek, and Christian traditions often center around the nuances of the language and how specific words are rendered in different versions of the Bible. These debates can impact the understanding of theological concepts, especially regarding the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ. Below is an overview of key scriptural passages, highlighting the Hebrew and Greek terms used in the King James Version (KJV), with an explanation of the translation choices.

1. Resurrection of Christ: Key Debates on Translation

1.1 Hebrew and Greek Words for Resurrection

Hebrew: The Old Testament does not directly discuss the resurrection of Christ but contains passages about the resurrection of the dead in general. A key term in the Hebrew is קִם (qim), meaning “to rise” or “to stand up,” as seen in passages like Daniel 12:2:
- Daniel 12:2 (KJV):
  “And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt.”
  Interpretation: The term קִם (qim) implies a rising or awakening, often associated with the resurrection. The focus here is on the general resurrection rather than Christ’s.
Greek: The Greek term for resurrection in the New Testament is ἀνάστασις (anástasis), meaning “standing up” or “rising from the dead.” This term is foundational to the Christian doctrine of resurrection.
- Matthew 28:6 (KJV):
  “He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.”
  Greek Word: ἀνάστασις (anástasis)
  Interpretation: ἀνάστασις refers to Christ’s bodily resurrection, affirming that He rose physically from the dead. The translation of ἀνάστασις is critical, as some translations may use “resurrection” to imply a spiritual event, but KJV emphasizes a physical rising.

1.2 Greek Phrase “Raised from the Dead”

Greek: In Mark 16:6, the phrase ἐγείρω (egeírō) is used for “raised”:
- Mark 16:6 (KJV):
  “And he saith unto them, Be not affrighted: Ye seek Jesus of Nazareth, which was crucified: he is risen; he is not here: behold the place where they laid him.”
  Greek Word: ἐγείρω (egeírō) – “to raise up”
  Interpretation: The verb ἐγείρω indicates a physical raising up from the dead, supporting the belief in the bodily resurrection of Christ. Some argue that this could imply a spiritual or metaphysical rising, but the KJV emphasizes a literal bodily resurrection.

2. Ascension of Christ: Key Debates on Translation

2.1 Greek Word for Ascension

Greek: The word ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō) is used to describe Christ’s ascension in passages like Acts 1:9. The word implies a literal physical lifting up of Christ into heaven.
- Acts 1:9 (KJV):
  “And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
  Greek Word: ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō) – “To take up”
  Interpretation: The KJV emphasizes the physical nature of Christ’s ascension with ἀναλαμβάνω, implying that Christ was literally taken up into heaven. The debate revolves around whether this ascension is physical (as rendered by the KJV) or spiritual.

2.2 The Greek “Cloud” in Ascension

Greek: In Acts 1:9, the term νεφέλη (nephélē) is used for “cloud,” signifying the mysterious element of Christ’s ascension.
- Acts 1:9 (KJV):
  “And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”
  Greek Word: νεφέλη (nephélē) – “Cloud”
  Interpretation: Some theologians interpret νεφέλη as symbolic of divine presence. However, the KJV portrays it as a literal cloud that physically concealed Christ from the disciples’ view.

3. Theological Implications of Translations

The debate surrounding these translations often reflects broader theological differences regarding the bodily versus spiritual nature of Christ’s resurrection and ascension. The KJV and other traditional translations strongly emphasize the literal, physical resurrection and ascension, which is central to traditional Christian doctrine. In contrast, more modern translations may lean toward interpreting these events in a more symbolic or spiritual sense, focusing on the spiritual transformation brought about by Christ’s work.

4. Summary of Debates

Hebrew: The Old Testament mentions resurrection in terms of a general rising (e.g., Daniel 12:2), but the specifics of Christ’s resurrection are not discussed in Hebrew scriptures. The Hebrew terms mainly focus on awakening or rising from death.
Greek: The Greek terms ἀνάστασις (anástasis) and ἐγείρω (egeírō) are pivotal in the New Testament for expressing bodily resurrection. These words emphasize a physical resurrection, a point contested in debates about whether Christ’s resurrection was merely spiritual.
Christian Translations: Translations like the KJV strongly support a physical resurrection and ascension by using terms such as ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō) for ascension and ἀνάστασις (anástasis) for resurrection, which are often seen as clear references to literal, bodily events. Some modern translations, however, use more ambiguous terms that allow for a more spiritual or symbolic interpretation of these events.

Ultimately, the choice of Hebrew and Greek words plays a critical role in shaping theological views, particularly the nature of Christ’s resurrection and ascension. The KJV and other traditional translations affirm a literal, physical resurrection and ascension, central to orthodox Christian belief. Meanwhile, debates continue on whether these events should be understood as spiritual transformations or physical occurrences.

Conclusion

The Resurrection and Ascension of Christ are central doctrines of Christianity that have been interpreted and translated differently across various denominations. The debate over the meaning of key Hebrew and Greek terms, and how they should be understood in modern Christian translations, plays a significant role in shaping theological perspectives. The King James Version (KJV) emphasizes a literal, physical resurrection and ascension using specific Greek terms like ἀνάστασις (anástasis) and ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō), which underscore the bodily nature of Christ’s resurrection and his ascension into heaven. However, different denominations may interpret these terms in varying ways, from literal to symbolic, affecting their understanding of the event’s significance.

The translation of terms like ἀνάστασις (anástasis), ἐγείρω (egeírō), and ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō) remains pivotal in these debates. Theological interpretations vary widely, with some denominations emphasizing the physical nature of the Resurrection and Ascension, while others lean toward a more spiritual or symbolic interpretation. Understanding the underlying Greek words in the New Testament can therefore shed light on the diversity of views present within Christianity.

Summary Table: Denominational Views on the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ

Denomination	View	Scripture Basis (For)	Argument Against	Scripture Basis (Against)
Roman Catholic Church	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Matthew 28:6 (KJV): “He is not here: for he is risen, as he said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay.” Acts 1:9 (KJV): “And when he had spoken these things, while they beheld, he was taken up; and a cloud received him out of their sight.”	Some may argue that Catholic theology can emphasize a symbolic interpretation of certain resurrection appearances.	Luke 24:39 (KJV): “Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”
Eastern Orthodox Church	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	1 Corinthians 15:20-22 (KJV): “But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept.”	Some emphasize a more mystical understanding of resurrection.	Luke 24:39 (KJV): “Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”
Evangelical	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Romans 6:4 (KJV): “Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.”	Some may view the resurrection as metaphorical for spiritual transformation.	1 Corinthians 15:12-14 (KJV): “Now if Christ be preached that he rose from the dead, how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead?”
Protestant (General)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Matthew 28:6 (KJV): “He is not here: for he is risen, as he said.”	Some modern interpretations emphasize spiritual symbolism over physical resurrection.	John 20:29 (KJV): “Jesus saith unto him, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed: blessed are they that have not seen, and yet have believed.”
Baptist (Southern, Independent, etc.)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	1 Corinthians 15:4 (KJV): “And that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures.”	Some may argue against certain miracles being taken literally.	Matthew 28:17 (KJV): “And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted.”
Methodist (United, AME)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Romans 10:9 (KJV): “That if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be saved.”	Methodism allows for symbolic and literal interpretations.	Acts 1:3 (KJV): “To whom also he shewed himself alive after his passion by many infallible proofs, being seen of them forty days, and speaking of the things pertaining to the kingdom of God.”
Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Luke 24:51 (KJV): “And it came to pass, while he blessed them, he was parted from them, and carried up into heaven.”	Some debate the role of the resurrection in sanctification versus justification.	John 20:17 (KJV): “Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God.”
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Acts 2:32 (KJV): “This Jesus hath God raised up, whereof we all are witnesses.”	Pentecostals emphasize spiritual resurrection and transformation, some viewing physical resurrection as symbolic.	Romans 6:4 (KJV): “Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Spiritual Resurrection, not Bodily	Acts 1:11 (KJV): “Which also said, Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? this same Jesus, which is taken up from you into heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have seen him go into heaven.”	They deny the bodily resurrection of Jesus, focusing on his spiritual return.	1 Peter 3:18 (KJV): “For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Luke 24:39 (KJV): “Behold my hands and my feet, that it is I myself: handle me, and see; for a spirit hath not flesh and bones, as ye see me have.”	Mormons acknowledge the physical resurrection, but their interpretation differs on eternal progression.	Romans 6:5 (KJV): “For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Literal Resurrection & Ascension	Revelation 1:18 (KJV): “I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.”	Some question the literalness of the resurrection, especially in light of eternal life after death.	1 Corinthians 15:20 (KJV): “But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept.”

Summary

This table illustrates the diversity of views on the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ across various Christian denominations, with different interpretations of key scriptural passages. The KJV plays an essential role in grounding these discussions, providing clear references to foundational Greek and Hebrew terms. Key terms like ἀνάστασις (anástasis), ἐγείρω (egeírō), and ἀναλαμβάνω (analambánō) reflect the bodily nature of Christ’s resurrection and ascension, a central doctrine for most traditions. While some denominations may hold to a more literal interpretation, others may emphasize symbolic or spiritual meanings, particularly with regards to the bodily resurrection of Christ. The ongoing theological debates illustrate the richness and complexity of understanding the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ in the context of diverse Christian traditions.