80. The New Heaven and New Earth

The concept of a “New Heaven and New Earth” is a significant biblical theme that looks toward the final restoration of all things. It appears in both the Old and New Testaments and is often connected with the end times, God’s ultimate plan for redemption, and the eternal state of believers. It reflects a time when God will make all things new, eliminating suffering, sin, and death. Theologically, it touches on eschatology—the study of last things—and the hope that Christians hold for an eternal future with God. This doctrine often ties into views on the resurrection, the eternal state, and the fulfillment of God’s promises to His people.

Scriptures For the Doctrine of the New Heaven and New Earth

Revelation 21:1 – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse indicates the complete transformation of the current heavens and earth into a new creation. The “no more sea” suggests the removal of chaos and separation, pointing to a peaceful and unified existence in God’s presence.
Theological View: This scripture is often cited in eschatology to demonstrate the finality of God’s plan, where the old order of things will be done away with and replaced by a perfect, eternal state.
2 Peter 3:13 – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Peter affirms the promise of the new creation, one where righteousness will dwell. The verse contrasts the present corrupt state with the future reality of divine perfection.
Theological View: This is a promise of the ultimate restoration of God’s creation, where sin and suffering no longer have a place.
Isaiah 65:17 – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This Old Testament prophecy speaks of a future where the old world is completely forgotten, and God’s new creation will be the focus of His people.
Theological View: It demonstrates God’s intention to bring about a new order that completely eclipses the old, offering a fresh start for His people.
Isaiah 66:22 – “For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the Lord, so shall your seed and your name remain.” (KJV)
Interpretation: God promises the permanence of the new heavens and earth, symbolizing the eternal nature of God’s covenant with His people.
Theological View: The verse reinforces the idea of eternal security and permanence in God’s redemptive plan.
Revelation 22:3 – “And there shall be no more curse: but the throne of God and of the Lamb shall be in it; and his servants shall serve him.” (KJV)
Interpretation: In the new heavens and earth, the curse of sin is eradicated, and God reigns visibly among His people.
Theological View: This indicates the ultimate fulfillment of God’s kingdom where the reign of Christ brings peace and righteousness.
Revelation 21:4 – “And God shall wipe away all tears from their eyes; and there shall be no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there be any more pain: for the former things are passed away.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The verse emphasizes the absence of suffering in the new creation, signaling the end of all the effects of sin and death.
Theological View: It presents the new heaven and earth as a state of eternal joy and peace, free from pain and grief.
Romans 8:21-22 – “Because the creature itself also shall be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groaneth and travaileth in pain together until now.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Paul speaks of the creation itself longing for redemption, which will occur in the new heaven and earth when all things are restored.
Theological View: The redemption of the world is not just a spiritual matter but involves the whole creation, which will be renewed and freed from corruption.
Matthew 19:28 – “And Jesus said unto them, Verily I say unto you, That ye which have followed me, in the regeneration when the Son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Jesus refers to the regeneration (or renewal) in the coming kingdom, which points to the transformation of the world into a state of perfect justice and peace.
Theological View: The regeneration Jesus speaks of is linked with the new heaven and earth, a time of restoration where believers share in Christ’s reign.

Scriptures Against or Contradicting the Doctrine of the New Heaven and New Earth

Matthew 24:35 – “Heaven and earth shall pass away, but my words shall not pass away.” (KJV)
Interpretation: While this verse points to the eternal nature of Christ’s words, it may be interpreted to suggest that the material heavens and earth will pass away, which could seem to contradict the idea of a “new heaven and earth.”
Theological View: This could indicate the temporary nature of the current creation, but the focus is on the permanence of Christ’s message, not necessarily the destruction of the idea of the new heaven and earth.
1 Corinthians 7:31 – “And they that use this world, as not abusing it: for the fashion of this world passeth away.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Paul speaks about the transitory nature of the current world system, but this does not necessarily negate the idea of the new heaven and earth, though it highlights the impermanence of the current world.
Theological View: This scripture emphasizes the need to focus on eternal matters rather than the fleeting world, which may be misinterpreted as undermining the permanence of the new creation.
2 Peter 3:10 – “But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night; in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise, and the elements shall melt with fervent heat, the earth also and the works that are therein shall be burned up.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This verse speaks of the destruction of the present heavens and earth, followed by the creation of a new heaven and earth. Some may argue this destruction implies that the new heaven and earth is not a literal continuation.
Theological View: While it describes destruction, the passage also alludes to the renewal of creation, not its permanent cessation.
Luke 21:33 – “Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Similar to Matthew 24:35, this verse emphasizes the passing of the old creation, which could be seen as contradicting the idea of a continuing or renewed heaven and earth.
Theological View: This focuses on the temporal nature of the current creation, but it is not necessarily denying the possibility of the new creation.
Hebrews 12:27 – “And this word, Yet once more, signifieth the removing of those things that are shaken, as of things that are made, that those things which cannot be shaken may remain.” (KJV)
Interpretation: The removal of the things that are made could suggest the complete destruction of the current creation, which might be seen as inconsistent with the idea of the new heaven and earth.
Theological View: However, this could also be interpreted as referring to the transformation and purification of the current world rather than a complete obliteration.
Mark 13:31 – “Heaven and earth shall pass away: but my words shall not pass away.” (KJV)
Interpretation: Again, this passage points to the impermanence of the current heavens and earth, which some might take to mean that the new heaven and earth is metaphorical or spiritual.
Theological View: This could be interpreted as indicating that while the old world passes away, the new creation will be established in a different form.
Revelation 20:11 – “And I saw a great white throne, and him that sat on it, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away; and there was found no place for them.” (KJV)
Interpretation: This vision of the judgment seat suggests the earth and heaven fleeing from God’s presence, which may imply a complete dissolution of the current creation.
Theological View: Some may view this as the final destruction of the old heavens and earth, leading to the creation of the new.
Revelation 21:1 – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.” (KJV)
Interpretation: While this scripture speaks of a new heaven and earth, it also suggests that the old heavens and earth will completely pass away, which may challenge the idea of continuity between the two.
Theological View: This indicates a complete renewal or transformation of the existing creation, rather than a continuation.

Translations, Linguistic Issues, and Theological Debates

The concept of the “New Heaven and New Earth” is deeply rooted in Christian eschatology, and various linguistic, translation, and theological debates arise around it. A thorough understanding of these issues requires examining the original languages (Hebrew and Greek), the English translations, and how various Christian traditions have interpreted these texts. We will specifically analyze the King James Version (KJV) translation and compare it with the original Hebrew and Greek scriptures, focusing on the challenges and theological implications.

1. Hebrew and Greek Analysis

A. Hebrew Text (Old Testament)

The Hebrew words for “new heaven” and “new earth” appear primarily in Isaiah 65:17 and Isaiah 66:22. The key terms in the original Hebrew are:

שָׁמַיִם (Shamayim) – “Heavens”
אָרֶץ (Eretz) – “Earth”
חָדָשׁ (Chadash) – “New”

In Isaiah 65:17, the phrase “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth” uses chadash (new) in connection with both “heavens” and “earth.” The usage of “new” (chadash) in Hebrew suggests a renewal or transformation rather than a complete destruction and recreation. This is important because chadash does not necessarily imply something that is completely “brand new” but could refer to something that is “rejuvenated” or “renewed” (i.e., a restoration of the current creation).

Isaiah 65:17: “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.” (KJV)
- Interpretation: This passage emphasizes a significant transformation of the heavens and the earth, signaling a radical shift in the nature of creation. The idea of forgetting the former heavens and earth points to a profound change, potentially indicating the healing of the world and the end of suffering.

B. Greek Text (New Testament)

The key Greek words in the New Testament are:

οὐρανός (Ouranos) – “Heavens”
γῆ (Ge) – “Earth”
καινός (Kainos) – “New”

In Revelation 21:1, the phrase “new heaven and new earth” uses the Greek word kainos for “new.” This word has a broader meaning than just “brand new”; it often refers to something that is new in quality, fresh, or renewed. This usage suggests that the “new heaven and new earth” could be a transformed creation rather than a completely new one.

Revelation 21:1: “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.” (KJV)
- Interpretation: The use of kainos indicates a renewal or transformation of the present creation. This verse often sparks debates on whether the “new” heaven and earth refer to a literal, physical renewal or a more metaphorical restoration of God’s kingdom.

C. Linguistic Debate on “New” (Hebrew and Greek)

There is a significant debate around the word “new” in both the Hebrew chadash and the Greek kainos. In both languages, these words do not strictly demand the idea of something entirely “new” or “created from nothing.” They allow for the possibility of a renewed or restored creation. This understanding contrasts with some interpretations that assert the destruction of the old creation and the creation of an entirely new one.

In Hebrew, chadash tends to emphasize a rejuvenation or revitalization, often seen in contexts where something old is made new in a better sense (e.g., Psalm 51:10, “Create in me a clean heart, O God”).
In Greek, kainos also has a sense of newness in quality, not necessarily in origin. The New Testament often uses kainos to describe a renewed covenant, a new heart, or a new creation in Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17).

These linguistic nuances play a key role in interpreting the doctrine of the new heaven and new earth, leading to debates on whether the creation is merely “renewed” or “completely replaced.”

2. Translation Issues in English Versions (including KJV)

The King James Version (KJV) closely follows the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts in rendering the concept of “new heaven and new earth.” However, the translation process involves several nuances:

Isaiah 65:17 (KJV): “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- The word “new” here is a direct translation of the Hebrew chadash, which the KJV translators rendered accurately. However, the KJV does not elaborate on the possible meaning of “renewed” or “rejuvenated” in the creation, which could lead to an overly literal interpretation that the current heavens and earth will be utterly destroyed and replaced.
Revelation 21:1 (KJV): “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- In Revelation, the word “new” translates the Greek kainos, which suggests a renewal or transformation rather than a complete destruction and creation of a new physical cosmos. The KJV is somewhat vague on this point, emphasizing the “passing away” of the old creation but not clarifying whether the new creation is a radical newness or a restoration.

While the KJV adheres closely to the original texts, the translation’s simplicity may contribute to confusion about the nature of the “new heaven and new earth.” Some modern translations, like the NIV or NASB, clarify the potential meaning of “renewed” or “transformed” in these passages, offering a more nuanced understanding.

3. Theological Views on “New Heaven and New Earth”

The interpretation of the “new heaven and new earth” has led to various theological debates, especially regarding whether the old creation will be completely destroyed or merely renewed.

A. Literal vs. Symbolic Interpretations

Literal Interpretation: Many traditional Evangelical and Protestant denominations (such as Baptists, Pentecostals, and Seventh-day Adventists) interpret the “new heaven and new earth” as a literal, physical transformation of the world. They argue that God will destroy the current world and create a completely new one where believers will dwell eternally. This view is often tied to a premillennial eschatology, where Christ’s second coming will usher in the new creation.
Symbolic Interpretation: Some more progressive Christian views, particularly in liberal Protestant and Eastern Orthodox circles, see the “new heaven and new earth” as symbolic of spiritual renewal and the fulfillment of God’s kingdom rather than a literal new creation. In this view, the imagery of a new creation signifies the ultimate spiritual victory over sin and death.

B. Premillennialism vs. Amillennialism

Premillennialism: Premillennialists emphasize the literal fulfillment of the new heaven and new earth after the final judgment. This is seen as a physical renewal of creation in which God will dwell with His people. They argue that the Bible speaks of this transformation as a future event that will occur at the end of time.
Amillennialism: Amillennialists, on the other hand, interpret the new heaven and new earth as a present spiritual reality that began with the resurrection of Christ and continues in the lives of believers. They do not see a future, literal creation of a new world but rather view the “new creation” as the reign of Christ in the hearts of His followers and the ultimate defeat of evil.

4. How Accurate Are Greek Translations?

The accuracy of Greek translations, particularly in relation to the terms used for the “new heaven and new earth,” depends on the translators’ choices in handling key Greek words like kainos and ouranos.

The translation of kainos as “new” is widely accepted but requires a nuanced understanding of “new” as “fresh” or “renewed,” rather than “entirely new.” The term does not demand the idea of a complete, total destruction of the old creation but rather the transformation of the current state into something better and more glorious.
The term ouranos for “heaven” and ge for “earth” are standard in their translations. The real debate centers around how to interpret the broader theological implications of the renewal versus replacement of the old creation.

Given that the Greek language allows for flexibility in interpreting kainos, modern translations that provide an explanation of a “renewed” creation (e.g., the NASB or NIV) may offer a more theologically balanced view. However, some argue that the KJV’s straightforward translation preserves the mystery of God’s ultimate plan for creation.

Summary

The doctrine of the “New Heaven and New Earth” is rich with linguistic, theological, and translation debates. In the original languages, the Hebrew chadash and Greek kainos imply a transformation or renewal of the present creation rather than a complete destruction and recreation. The KJV translation, while generally accurate, tends to emphasize the destruction of the old creation and the creation of something entirely new, which may cause confusion about the nature of the new heavens and earth. Theologically, interpretations range from literal physical renewal (common among Evangelicals, Baptists, and Pentecostals) to symbolic spiritual fulfillment (seen in liberal Protestant and Eastern Orthodox circles). The Greek translations of key terms, while accurate, require careful consideration to understand the full implications of the transformation of creation described in Scripture.

Denominational Views

1. Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church views the “New Heaven and New Earth” primarily in a symbolic and spiritual sense, believing that the transformation of creation points to the ultimate fulfillment of God’s kingdom. Catholic theology emphasizes the continuity between the present and future world, asserting that the new heavens and earth represent the perfection and restoration of God’s creation rather than a completely new creation.

For (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Catholics would interpret the “new heavens” and “new earth” in the context of God’s redemptive plan, seeing it as a renewal of the created order, aligning with the belief in the resurrection and the establishment of the new Jerusalem.
Against (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Some Catholic theologians might point to this as emphasizing the radical transformation of creation at the end of time, suggesting that the current world will pass away entirely.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: The word chadash (Hebrew for “new”) in Isaiah implies a renewal or rejuvenation, which aligns with Catholic understanding of a transformed but continuous creation. In Revelation, the Greek kainos for “new” suggests renewal, not obliteration.

2. Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Orthodox theology emphasizes the transformative aspect of the “New Heaven and New Earth,” viewing it as a restoration of the original paradise intended by God, where the effects of sin and death are fully overcome. The Orthodox Church teaches that creation will be renewed through the glorification of the faithful, and Christ’s return will usher in the fulfillment of this eternal state.

For (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: This is seen as God’s final act of redemption, where the old order of sin and death will be replaced by the perfected world, aligning with the Orthodox view of theosis, or the divinization of the faithful.
Against (Theological View): 2 Peter 3:13 (KJV) – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
- Interpretation: Some might interpret this passage as focusing on the finality of God’s new creation, suggesting a more complete separation from the current world, which could be seen as contradictory to the idea of a continuous world.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: The use of kainos in Revelation is particularly significant here, as it implies a fresh and restored creation. The Orthodox understanding emphasizes that this renewal is the result of Christ’s victory over death and sin.

3. Evangelical

Evangelicals generally hold to a literal interpretation of the “New Heaven and New Earth,” seeing it as a future, physical transformation that will occur after Christ’s second coming. This view is consistent with premillennial eschatology, where the current world will be destroyed and replaced by a new, perfect creation for the redeemed.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Evangelicals interpret this as a literal and complete renewal of creation, with the old world passing away completely. They view this as the fulfillment of God’s promises to His people, with a physical new world where God dwells among His people.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Evangelicals might question whether this verse suggests a symbolic rather than literal transformation, given the use of “former shall not be remembered,” which could indicate a spiritual renewal rather than a complete destruction.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Kainos in Revelation suggests a renewal, which Evangelicals would typically interpret as a literal restoration of the created order. The term ouranos (heavens) and ge (earth) are understood in their most literal sense, supporting the belief in a tangible new world.

4. Protestant (General)

General Protestant views on the “New Heaven and New Earth” vary widely, with some taking a symbolic view and others a more literal, physical interpretation. Many emphasize that the new creation will be a fulfillment of God’s eternal purpose, a place where righteousness dwells and sin is no more.

For (Theological View): 2 Peter 3:13 (KJV) – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
- Interpretation: This aligns with a general Protestant perspective, where the “new heavens and new earth” symbolize the establishment of God’s righteous kingdom, either in a literal or metaphorical sense.
Against (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Some Protestants argue that this could represent a total end to the current creation, which may conflict with a more spiritualized interpretation of the new creation.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: The use of kainos in Revelation supports the belief in a renewal of the world, while chadash in Isaiah points to rejuvenation, which some Protestant theologians interpret as indicative of a transformed but not completely destroyed world.

5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)

Baptists, especially within the Southern Baptist Convention, typically hold to a premillennial, literal interpretation of the “New Heaven and New Earth.” They view it as the final fulfillment of God’s promises to His people after the end of the tribulation, where Christ will reign physically on earth.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: This is often interpreted by Baptists as a literal new creation that will occur after the final judgment, where God will dwell with His people in a renewed physical world.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Baptists may question the implication of “the former shall not be remembered,” which could be seen as suggesting a symbolic or spiritual transformation, rather than a literal one.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Chadash (new) in Isaiah is interpreted as a revitalization of creation, while kainos in Revelation is seen by Baptists as a complete and literal transformation of the physical universe.

6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)

Methodists generally interpret the “New Heaven and New Earth” as a symbol of God’s ultimate victory over sin and death. This transformation is seen not as the obliteration of the current world but as the fulfillment of God’s redemptive plan.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Methodists interpret this as a representation of the ultimate victory of God’s kingdom, where the brokenness of the world is healed, and creation is fully restored.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: This passage may be interpreted in Methodist theology as a symbol of spiritual renewal, rather than a literal end to the old world.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: The use of kainos in Revelation signifies a fresh start, aligned with the Methodist understanding of spiritual renewal. Chadash in Isaiah similarly indicates a rejuvenation.

7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)

Lutherans, like Methodists, tend to view the “New Heaven and New Earth” in a more spiritual sense. The new creation is understood as the fulfillment of God’s plan in Christ, where the faithful experience the fullness of God’s presence in a renewed world.

For (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: For Lutherans, this passage speaks to the ultimate restoration of creation in the light of Christ’s work, where sin and death no longer have a hold on the world.
Against (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Some Lutherans may interpret this passage as describing the final judgment, where the old world is done away with, and the eternal reign of Christ begins.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Kainos in Revelation is interpreted as spiritual renewal, focusing on the complete transformation of creation into God’s perfect design, a theme in Lutheran eschatology.

8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)

Pentecostals believe in a literal and physical transformation of the world, consistent with a premillennial eschatological view. They emphasize that the new creation will be a place where God’s Spirit fully dwells, and the redeemed will experience the fullness of God’s glory.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Pentecostals interpret this passage as describing the physical and eternal new world, where God’s glory will dwell permanently with His people.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Pentecostals might see this verse as indicating the symbolic nature of the transformation, focusing on the spiritual aspect of the new heaven and new earth.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Kainos in Revelation fits the Pentecostal view of a renewed and glorified physical creation, aligned with their expectation of the literal return of Christ.

9. Jehovah’s Witnesses

Jehovah’s Witnesses hold a unique interpretation, believing that the “New Heaven and New Earth” refers to a restored Earth under God’s Kingdom, where faithful humans will live eternally in peace. This view emphasizes a literal physical restoration rather than a symbolic transformation.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Jehovah’s Witnesses interpret this as a literal creation of a new Earth, where God’s Kingdom will reign forever, and all suffering and death will be eliminated.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Jehovah’s Witnesses may interpret this passage as emphasizing a radical transformation of creation, which they argue is part of God’s eternal plan.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Chadash and kainos support the understanding of a renewed and transformed Earth, rather than a completely new creation.

10. Mormonism (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS)

Mormonism interprets the “New Heaven and New Earth” in a way that incorporates their unique doctrines, particularly the idea that the Earth will be transformed into a celestial world where faithful Mormons will live eternally in God’s presence. They view this transformation as both spiritual and physical.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: The LDS Church believes this is a literal transformation of the Earth into a celestial kingdom, where the faithful will dwell forever.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Mormons might interpret this as signifying a fundamental change in creation, not simply a renovation, but rather an entirely new state.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: Chadash and kainos highlight the concept of restoration and renewal that fits within the LDS view of the Earth’s transformation.

11. Seventh-day Adventist

Seventh-day Adventists hold to a literal, physical interpretation of the “New Heaven and New Earth,” believing that after the final judgment, the Earth will be restored to its perfect condition, free from sin, pain, and death.

For (Theological View): Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
- Interpretation: Seventh-day Adventists interpret this as a literal transformation of the Earth, where the faithful will dwell in peace for eternity.
Against (Theological View): Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
- Interpretation: Some Adventists may view this passage as suggesting a complete obliteration of the old world, contrasting with their belief in a renewed creation.

Hebrew/Greek Focus: The understanding of kainos and chadash aligns with the Adventist belief in a literal restoration of the Earth, affirming the physical renewal of the creation.

Conclusion: Theological Views on the New Heaven and New Earth

The doctrine of the “New Heaven and New Earth” is a complex and debated topic across various Christian denominations. It is clear that each denomination approaches the eschatological concept through distinct theological lenses, influenced by their understanding of Scripture, history, and tradition.

Literal vs. Symbolic Interpretations: Some denominations, such as Evangelicals, Baptists, and Pentecostals, hold to a more literal, physical interpretation of the “New Heaven and New Earth,” anticipating a real, transformed creation where God’s eternal kingdom is established. Other denominations, including Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, may view this transformation more symbolically, focusing on spiritual renewal and the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promises.
Linguistic Nuances: The Hebrew word chadash (new) in the Old Testament and the Greek word kainos (new) in the New Testament both play crucial roles in shaping the interpretation of this doctrine. While chadash can suggest rejuvenation or renewal, kainos emphasizes a newness that is fresh and transformed. These nuances have led to varying understandings of whether the “New Heaven and New Earth” refers to a restoration of the current world or a completely new creation.
Eschatological Debate: The debate between a more symbolic or literal transformation reflects broader theological divides on eschatology. Premillennialists, for example, are more likely to emphasize a literal fulfillment of the “New Heaven and New Earth,” while amillennialists or postmillennialists might view it as a spiritual transformation signifying the fulfillment of God’s kingdom on Earth.

In the end, while the specific interpretations differ, the doctrine points to God’s ultimate victory over sin, death, and suffering, and the fulfillment of His redemptive plan through Jesus Christ.

Table 1: Denominations and Their Views on the New Heaven and New Earth (For Interpretation)

Denomination	View	Interpretation	Scripture Basis Reference & Quote
Roman Catholic Church	Symbolic/Spiritual renewal	The new creation is a fulfillment of God’s redemptive plan.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Eastern Orthodox Church	Symbolic/Spiritual restoration	Creation is restored and glorified, aligned with theosis.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Evangelical	Literal transformation	A physical and complete renewal of creation after Christ’s return.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Protestant (General)	Literal/Spiritual renewal	A future establishment of God’s kingdom, either literal or symbolic.	2 Peter 3:13 (KJV) – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
Baptist (Southern, Independent, etc.)	Literal physical transformation	The Earth will be literally transformed, and God’s kingdom established.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Methodist (United, AME)	Symbolic/Spiritual renewal	The new creation signifies the triumph of God’s plan.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA)	Spiritual renewal, focus on restoration of creation	The faithful will experience the fullness of God’s presence in a restored world.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI)	Literal transformation, physical renewal	A literal, physical new creation where God’s glory dwells.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Literal restoration of Earth under God’s Kingdom	A transformed Earth where the faithful will live eternally.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Literal transformation, Earth as celestial kingdom	The Earth will be transformed into a celestial world for the faithful.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Literal physical transformation	A renewed Earth, free from sin and suffering, where the redeemed dwell.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”

Table 2: Denominations and Their Views on the New Heaven and New Earth (Against Interpretation)

Denomination	View	Argument Against Interpretation	Scripture Basis Reference & Quote
Roman Catholic Church	Symbolic/Spiritual renewal	The passage may suggest a radical transformation of creation.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Eastern Orthodox Church	Symbolic/Spiritual restoration	Suggests a complete newness, not a continuation of the old world.	2 Peter 3:13 (KJV) – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
Evangelical	Literal transformation	The passage in Revelation may be seen as too symbolic or spiritual for a literal interpretation.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Protestant (General)	Literal/Spiritual renewal	Some view the “former” creation passing away as symbolic rather than literal.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Baptist (Southern, Independent, etc.)	Literal physical transformation	Could be interpreted as a more spiritual or metaphorical transformation.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Methodist (United, AME)	Symbolic/Spiritual renewal	The passage in Revelation may indicate a less literal understanding of the new creation.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA)	Spiritual renewal, focus on restoration of creation	Could be seen as a more symbolic transformation rather than a physical change.	Revelation 21:1 (KJV) – “And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.”
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI)	Literal transformation, physical renewal	Some may argue that the new heaven and earth could also have a spiritual interpretation.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Literal restoration of Earth under God’s Kingdom	Revelation’s “first earth” passing away might be viewed as symbolic.	2 Peter 3:13 (KJV) – “Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Literal transformation, Earth as celestial kingdom	The passage could imply a spiritual change rather than a physical one.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Literal physical transformation	The “former” creation passing away might suggest a symbolic, not literal, transformation.	Isaiah 65:17 (KJV) – “For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.”

Summary

The doctrine of the “New Heaven and New Earth” is subject to diverse interpretations across Christian denominations. Some see it as a literal, physical transformation of creation, while others view it symbolically, emphasizing the spiritual renewal and fulfillment of God’s redemptive purposes. The key passages, including those in Revelation and Isaiah, point to the ultimate victory of God over sin and death, but how this victory is realized in the new creation is understood differently based on theological frameworks, with varying emphasis on the literal or symbolic nature of the transformation. Each denomination draws from the same biblical texts but interprets them according to their eschatological views and theological principles, leading to both agreements and disagreements regarding the exact nature of the new creation.