75. The Two Witnesses (Revelation 11)

The doctrine of the Two Witnesses, as mentioned in Revelation 11, has long been a subject of theological debate and speculation within Christian eschatology. The Two Witnesses are described as two prophetic figures who will appear during the end times, performing miracles, prophesying, and eventually facing persecution and death. Their role is seen in the context of the final witness to God’s truth before the return of Christ.

Scriptures Supporting the Doctrine of The Two Witnesses:

Revelation 11:3 (KJV)
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.”
Interpretation: The Two Witnesses are granted power by God to prophesy for 1,260 days (or 42 months), a period often associated with the Great Tribulation. The mention of sackcloth symbolizes mourning and repentance.
Theological View: This supports the view that the Two Witnesses will act as prophetic figures who prepare the world for Christ’s return, emphasizing repentance.
Revelation 11:4 (KJV)
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Interpretation: The Two Witnesses are symbolized as olive trees and candlesticks, representing divine provision and the light of God in a dark world.
Theological View: This highlights their importance as the bearers of God’s light, mirroring the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament.
Revelation 11:5 (KJV)
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he must in this manner be killed.”
Interpretation: The witnesses possess divine power to defend themselves, possibly symbolizing God’s protection over His messengers during their ministry.
Theological View: This supports the view that the Two Witnesses are endowed with supernatural powers for their mission.
Revelation 11:6 (KJV)
“These have power to shut heaven, that it rain not in the days of their prophecy: and have power over waters to turn them to blood, and to smite the earth with all plagues, as often as they will.”
Interpretation: The Two Witnesses are granted powers similar to those of the Old Testament prophets (Elijah and Moses).
Theological View: This emphasizes their authority as God’s spokespersons, replicating judgments from the Old Testament to call people to repentance.
Revelation 11:7 (KJV)
“And when they shall have finished their testimony, the beast that ascendeth out of the bottomless pit shall make war against them, and shall overcome them, and kill them.”
Interpretation: The Two Witnesses’ ministry will end in martyrdom at the hands of the Antichrist, emphasizing the persecution of believers in the end times.
Theological View: This suggests that even those who faithfully serve God will face death in the end times, pointing to the ultimate victory of God.
Revelation 11:8 (KJV)
“And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified.”
Interpretation: The witnesses’ bodies will be left in the streets of the “great city,” often interpreted as Jerusalem, which symbolizes spiritual corruption.
Theological View: This highlights the rejection of God’s messengers by the world, but also foreshadows their eventual vindication.
Revelation 11:11 (KJV)
“And after three days and a half the Spirit of life from God entered into them, and they stood upon their feet; and great fear fell upon them which saw them.”
Interpretation: The resurrection of the Two Witnesses signifies divine vindication and a powerful testimony to the world.
Theological View: This event mirrors the resurrection of Christ, emphasizing God’s sovereignty over life and death.
Revelation 11:12 (KJV)
“And they heard a great voice from heaven saying unto them, Come up hither. And they ascended up to heaven in a cloud; and their enemies beheld them.”
Interpretation: The ascension of the Two Witnesses is a dramatic display of God’s power and validation of their mission.
Theological View: This supports the idea that God will honor His faithful servants even in the face of persecution and death.

Scriptures Against the Doctrine of The Two Witnesses:

Matthew 24:24 (KJV)
“For there shall arise false Christs, and false prophets, and shall shew great signs and wonders; insomuch that, if it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect.”
Interpretation: This suggests that not all miraculous signs are divine, and the Two Witnesses might be misinterpreted as false prophets by those who do not understand their role.
Theological View: Some argue that the Two Witnesses could be misunderstood as false prophets due to the deceptive signs that accompany the end times.
Luke 17:20-21 (KJV)
“And when he was demanded of the Pharisees, when the kingdom of God should come, he answered them and said, The kingdom of God cometh not with observation: Neither shall they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you.”
Interpretation: This passage suggests that the Kingdom of God is spiritual, not to be focused on signs or figures like the Two Witnesses.
Theological View: Some argue that the focus on external signs distracts from the internal spiritual nature of God’s kingdom.
1 John 4:1 (KJV)
“Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.”
Interpretation: A warning against believing all prophetic figures, as false prophets could rise in the last days, potentially including the Two Witnesses.
Theological View: This suggests skepticism about the authenticity of end-time prophets and their role.
Revelation 13:13-14 (KJV)
“And he doeth great wonders, so that he maketh fire come down from heaven on the earth in the sight of men, And deceiveth them that dwell on the earth by the means of those miracles which he had power to do in the sight of the beast…”
Interpretation: This points to the false prophet performing signs similar to those of the Two Witnesses, possibly leading some to question the authenticity of the Two Witnesses.
Theological View: The similarity of signs could lead some to believe that the Two Witnesses might be part of a deception.
Matthew 7:22-23 (KJV)
“Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.”
Interpretation: This passage cautions against relying on signs and wonders as evidence of true prophecy.
Theological View: This supports the view that signs and wonders should not be the sole indicators of authenticity, raising doubts about the Two Witnesses.
2 Thessalonians 2:9-10 (KJV)
“Even him, whose coming is after the working of Satan with all power and signs and lying wonders, And with all deceivableness of unrighteousness in them that perish; because they received not the love of the truth, that they might be saved.”
Interpretation: This warns about deceptive signs that could accompany the appearance of end-time figures.
Theological View: Some view the Two Witnesses as potentially part of the deception if they do not align with true biblical doctrine.
Revelation 19:20 (KJV)
“And the beast was taken, and with him the false prophet that wrought miracles before him, with which he deceived them that had received the mark of the beast, and them that worshipped his image…”
Interpretation: This refers to the false prophet and the beast, suggesting that false miracles and signs could lead people astray.
Theological View: Theological debate arises over whether the Two Witnesses might be confused with these deceptive figures.
1 Timothy 4:1 (KJV)
“Now the Spirit speaketh expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils;”
Interpretation: This passage warns of apostasy and false doctrines, which could be connected to the rise of false witnesses in the end times.
Theological View: This suggests that the Two Witnesses may be seen by some as part of a larger apostasy movement.

Two Witnesses: Hebrew, Greek, English, and Christian Translations Debates

The doctrine of the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11 has been a focal point of theological debates for centuries, not only because of its eschatological significance but also because of the complexities in its translation from the original texts. The language and wording used in both Hebrew (in the Old Testament context) and Greek (in the New Testament context) influence how different Christian traditions interpret this passage. This analysis will explore the Hebrew and Greek textual issues, discuss potential translation problems, examine theological views based on those translations, and consider the accuracy of the Greek translations used in the King James Version (KJV) and other Christian translations.

1. Hebrew Background: Old Testament Imagery and Symbolism

While Revelation 11 is written in Greek, understanding its Old Testament roots, particularly the symbolism of the “two witnesses,” requires looking at the Hebrew texts, where related themes of prophetic witness and testimony are present.

Zechariah 4:11-14 (KJV):
“Then answered I, and said unto him, What are these two olive trees upon the right side of the candlestick and upon the left side thereof? And I answered again, and said unto him, What be these two olive branches which through the two golden pipes empty the golden oil out of themselves? And he answered me and said, Knowest thou not what these be? And I said, No, my lord. Then said he, These are the two anointed ones, that stand by the Lord of the whole earth.” (KJV)
Interpretation and Issues:
The “two anointed ones” in Zechariah are a key passage often associated with the Two Witnesses. The Hebrew word used here is “מַשְׁחִֽית” (mashchith), meaning “anointed” or “chosen.” This passage is thought to refer to figures who play an important role in divine witness, similar to how the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11 are described. However, there is ambiguity in the language as to whether these figures are literal or symbolic. Theological View:
Some see Zechariah’s prophecy as referring to Joshua and Zerubbabel, who were instrumental in rebuilding the temple, while others see them as symbols of the future prophetic roles fulfilled by the Two Witnesses in Revelation.

2. Greek and English Translation Issues in Revelation 11

The majority of the doctrinal debates surrounding the Two Witnesses come from how the Greek text is translated into English and how this impacts the interpretation. Revelation 11 was originally written in Greek, and the Greek text’s nuances contribute to some of the theological divisions seen in Christian denominations.

Revelation 11:3 (KJV):
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.”
Greek Text:
- The Greek word used here is “ἐπιθύσω” (epithysso), meaning “to give” or “to give over to someone.” This word implies a divine commissioning or authority granted to the Two Witnesses, underscoring their role as God’s chosen representatives during the end times.
- The use of “sackcloth” (σάκκοις, sakkōis) is symbolic, representing mourning and repentance.
Interpretation:
The word “ἐπιθύσω” here is important because it shows that the power given to the witnesses is not inherent but granted by God. This challenges the view that the Two Witnesses have any inherent supernatural power and emphasizes their role as servants of God’s will. Translation Issue:
The KJV’s use of “give power” aligns closely with the Greek, but modern translations might use terms like “grant authority” or “bestow power,” which might change the focus slightly. Some theologians argue that the phrase “give power” emphasizes the divine nature of their mission more than other translations.
Revelation 11:4 (KJV):
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Greek Text:
- The Greek word used here for “olive trees” is “ἐλαία” (elaia), which in the context of Revelation, could be an allusion to Zechariah 4:11-14, where the two olive trees symbolize divine agents or messengers empowered by God.
- “Candlesticks” (λυχνία, lychnia) suggests a role of providing light or illumination, a common metaphor for prophetic activity.
Interpretation:
This verse highlights the symbolic nature of the Two Witnesses. The imagery of olive trees and candlesticks reflects the biblical role of prophets—spreading the light of God’s word and serving as His anointed ones. Theological View:
Many see these symbols as indicating the mission of the Two Witnesses to bring light to a world in darkness. The challenge arises in whether these witnesses are literal individuals or representative of an overarching prophetic role. Translation Issue:
There is some debate about whether “candlesticks” should be understood literally (as a source of light) or symbolically (as a representative of witness or testimony). Some translations prefer the term “lampstands,” which might more directly tie the imagery to a source of illumination in a dark world.

3. Issues with Translating the Greek and Theological Debate

Revelation 11:5 (KJV):
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies: and if any man will hurt them, he must in this manner be killed.”
Greek Text:
- The Greek word for “fire” is “πῦρ” (pur), which can have both a literal and metaphorical meaning. While most translations take this as literal fire coming from the mouths of the witnesses, some argue that it could represent their prophetic words, which could consume or defeat their enemies in a figurative sense.
  Translation Issue:
  The translation of “fire” is not problematic in itself, but the issue lies in whether the fire is to be taken literally or symbolically. The KJV interprets it literally, but modern translations may present it more figuratively, depending on theological perspectives.
Theological Debate:
Some denominations argue that the fire is a literal sign of divine judgment, while others see it as symbolic of the power of the witnesses’ testimony. The literal interpretation suggests a very supernatural and miraculous element, while the symbolic view is more about the destructive nature of the message being preached.

4. Accuracy of Greek Translations

The Greek texts behind the KJV are considered to be based on the Textus Receptus, a compilation of Greek manuscripts that were in circulation during the 16th century. Critics of the KJV often argue that the Textus Receptus does not necessarily represent the oldest or most accurate manuscripts. For example, modern translations often rely on earlier manuscripts, such as the Alexandrian text type, which might slightly differ in wording or structure.

Greek Accuracy in the KJV:
The KJV’s translation of Revelation 11, particularly with the phrase “fire proceedeth out of their mouth,” is consistent with the Greek Textus Receptus, which has “ἐκπορεύεται” (ekporeuomai) meaning “goes out” or “proceeds.” This is accurate to the Greek wording, but the theological implications of this action (whether literal or symbolic) vary greatly.
Modern Translations:
Modern translations, such as the NASB or ESV, often present the Greek in a way that emphasizes the symbolic over the literal. For instance, the ESV might translate “fire” more metaphorically, suggesting divine judgment rather than a literal flame. Some scholars argue that this reflects a more refined understanding of the Greek text, based on manuscript evidence and linguistic trends, though others maintain that the KJV captures the direct, vivid nature of the apocalyptic language.

5. Theological Views on the Two Witnesses

Literal vs. Symbolic:
One of the most significant debates centers around whether the Two Witnesses are literal or symbolic figures. Literalists argue that the passage refers to two actual people, perhaps Elijah and Moses or two unknown prophets, while others suggest that the Two Witnesses represent larger concepts, such as the prophetic witness of the church, the Law and the Prophets, or the dual testimony of the Old and New Testaments.
Role of Prophecy and Martyrdom:
Many interpretations focus on the prophetic role and the inevitability of martyrdom for those who truly witness to God’s word. This aligns with the biblical theme that true witnesses of God will suffer persecution and, in the end times, will face death as part of their testimony.

Summary:

The doctrine of the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11, as understood through the lens of Hebrew, Greek, and English translations, reveals complex theological debates. Key translation issues arise from the Greek terms used in Revelation, particularly regarding the meaning of “fire,” “sackcloth,” and “candlesticks.” While the KJV generally provides a straightforward translation, modern versions emphasize the symbolic over the literal, reflecting ongoing debates about the nature of prophecy, martyrdom, and divine judgment. The accuracy of Greek translations has been contested, with some scholars favoring earlier manuscripts for more precise theological nuances. Ultimately, the interpretation of the Two Witnesses hinges on whether they are seen as literal, individual prophets or as symbolic figures representing broader biblical truths.

Denominational Views

1. Roman Catholic Church

Summary:
The Roman Catholic Church tends to interpret the Two Witnesses symbolically, viewing them as representing the prophetic and priestly roles of the Church. The witnesses can also be understood as symbols of the Old and New Testament, or as figures representing the Church’s ongoing mission to bear witness to Christ’s truth. Catholics emphasize the Church’s eschatological role in history, viewing the Two Witnesses as connected to the Church’s mission rather than as two specific future individuals.

Views and Debates:
Catholic scholars debate whether the Two Witnesses should be understood as literal individuals or a representation of the Church’s dual witness—law and gospel. The fire proceeding from their mouths is often interpreted symbolically, representing the power of their testimony and the divine judgment that accompanies it.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
The olive trees and candlesticks are interpreted as representing the Church’s role as a light to the world and a witness to God’s eternal truth, emphasizing both its Old and New Testament foundations.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The Catholic interpretation of this fire is metaphorical, symbolizing the power of divine judgment through the Church’s proclamation of the gospel, rather than a literal act of fire coming from the witnesses.

Greek Explanation:
The term “λυχνία” (lychnia), meaning “candlestick,” suggests light and illumination. The Catholic view would stress the role of the Church in spreading light to the world, in keeping with the metaphor of the Two Witnesses.

2. Eastern Orthodox Church

Summary:
Similar to Roman Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodox Church often views the Two Witnesses symbolically. They interpret the witnesses as representative of the law and the gospel, or perhaps of the enduring testimony of the Church through history. The fire and sackcloth are often seen as symbols of the spiritual power and humility required to proclaim the truth of God, especially in times of tribulation.

Views and Debates:
Orthodox interpretations tend to focus on the symbolic aspect of the Two Witnesses. Their role is understood as one of continuing prophetic witness, with the fire representing divine judgment or spiritual power.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
The olive trees and candlesticks are interpreted symbolically as the Church’s ongoing mission in the world, representing both the Old and New Testaments and their fulfillment in Christ.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The fire is understood metaphorically in the Orthodox view, symbolizing the power of divine truth in the face of opposition, not as a literal act of fiery judgment.

Greek Explanation:
“ἐπιθυῶ” (epithysso), referring to divine empowerment, underscores the power given to the witnesses to speak with authority and perform their prophetic role, highlighting their spiritual strength in resisting evil.

3. Evangelical Church

Summary:
Evangelical interpretations of the Two Witnesses often lean towards a literal view. These witnesses are understood as real individuals who will appear during the end times, likely during the Tribulation. Evangelicals commonly interpret the fire and their ability to harm their enemies as literal signs of divine power.

Views and Debates:
Evangelicals typically hold to a literal interpretation, identifying the Two Witnesses as specific future figures (often Elijah and Moses or two unknown prophets). The debates primarily revolve around their identities and the specific role they will play during the Tribulation.

For:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
Evangelicals interpret the fire literally, as a miraculous power granted to the witnesses to protect themselves and enact judgment on their enemies.
Against:
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.” (Revelation 11:3, KJV)
Some Evangelicals may debate the symbolic nature of the 1,260 days, but the general view is that this time frame is literal, corresponding to the period of the Great Tribulation.

Greek Explanation:
“ἐπιθύσω” (epithysso), meaning to “give power,” emphasizes the divine authority granted to the Two Witnesses to speak and act on God’s behalf in a literal manner.

4. Protestant (General)

Summary:
General Protestant views on the Two Witnesses often follow similar lines to Evangelicals, though there is a wider range of interpretations. While some see them as literal individuals, others view them symbolically as representing the Church’s prophetic mission or the continuity of God’s witness in history.

Views and Debates:
The primary debate is whether the Two Witnesses are literal or symbolic. Some Protestants see the fire as a metaphor for the power of the Gospel and the judgment it brings, while others insist on a more literal understanding.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
Protestant interpretations often align with the view that the olive trees and candlesticks symbolize the Church’s role in spreading the truth of God’s word.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
Some Protestants understand the fire metaphorically, as a representation of spiritual judgment or the potency of the prophetic word.

Greek Explanation:
“λυχνία” (lychnia) refers to a lamp or candlestick, representing light in the darkness, a key metaphor for the Church’s witness to the world.

5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)

Summary:
Baptists, particularly those of a more literal tradition, commonly interpret the Two Witnesses as literal individuals who will appear during the Tribulation period. The witnesses are seen as prophetic figures who will have miraculous powers, including the ability to call down fire from heaven.

Views and Debates:
Baptists generally lean toward a literal interpretation, although there is debate on the specific identities of the witnesses. Some view them as Elijah and Moses, while others suggest they are two other individuals. The fire is often seen as literal, signifying divine judgment.

For:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The fire is often interpreted as a literal sign of God’s power granted to the witnesses to protect them and carry out judgment.
Against:
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.” (Revelation 11:3, KJV)
Some Baptists may debate the length of time (1,260 days), although the common view is that this is a literal period during the Tribulation.

Greek Explanation:
The word “ἐπιθύσω” (epithysso), indicating divine empowerment, emphasizes that God grants the Two Witnesses the power to perform supernatural acts in His name.

6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)

Summary:
Methodists generally interpret the Two Witnesses symbolically, seeing them as representatives of the law and the gospel, or possibly as symbols of the Church’s prophetic mission in the world. The focus is on the spiritual and moral testimony they bear, rather than on their literal appearance.

Views and Debates:
Methodists interpret the fire and sackcloth metaphorically, viewing the Two Witnesses as symbols of God’s eternal truth proclaimed through the Church, rather than as literal, individual figures.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
Methodists interpret the olive trees and candlesticks as symbolic of the Church’s dual role in bearing witness to God’s law and gospel.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
This is viewed metaphorically, with the fire representing the spiritual power and judgment of the gospel message, not a literal act of fire.

Greek Explanation:
“λυχνία” (lychnia) as “candlestick” symbolizes the Church’s role as the light bearer, bringing God’s truth to the world, which aligns with the Methodist interpretation of the Two Witnesses as representing the witness of the Church.

7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)

Summary:
Lutherans generally interpret the Two Witnesses symbolically, often viewing them as a representation of the Law and the Gospel or the prophetic and sacramental roles of the Church. Their fire and sackcloth are understood metaphorically, representing spiritual power and humility.

Views and Debates:
Lutherans emphasize the Two Witnesses’ symbolic role, viewing their message as the proclamation of God’s word. The fire is understood as a metaphor for the Church’s proclamation of judgment through the gospel.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
The olive trees and candlesticks are understood symbolically as representing the Church’s testimony, drawing on both the Old and New Testament.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The fire is interpreted symbolically as representing the destructive power of the gospel message.

Greek Explanation:
“σάκκοις” (sakkōis), meaning “sackcloth,” highlights the humility and penitence of the witnesses, a characteristic essential to their role in proclaiming God’s truth.

8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)

Summary:
Pentecostal interpretations of the Two Witnesses are generally literal, with the witnesses understood as real individuals who will appear during the Tribulation period. Pentecostals emphasize the miraculous powers of the witnesses, including calling down fire from heaven.

Views and Debates:
Pentecostals often view the fire as a literal act of divine judgment, with the witnesses exercising supernatural power. The debate centers on their identities and the specific role they will play in the end times.

For:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
Pentecostals often interpret this fire as a literal act of divine judgment, demonstrating the power given to the Two Witnesses.
Against:
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.” (Revelation 11:3, KJV)
While some Pentecostals may view the time period symbolically, they generally believe the witnesses will appear in the literal future Tribulation period.

Greek Explanation:
“ἐπιθύσω” (epithysso) emphasizes the divine empowerment of the witnesses, which Pentecostals interpret as a literal infusion of God’s power to perform miraculous acts.

9. Jehovah’s Witnesses

Summary:
Jehovah’s Witnesses interpret the Two Witnesses as symbolic of the anointed Christian Church, specifically the spiritual leaders who proclaim the gospel. They see the fire metaphorically as the judgment of God upon those who oppose their message.

Views and Debates:
Jehovah’s Witnesses do not view the Two Witnesses as literal figures but as symbolic of the Christian Church’s enduring witness. The fire proceeding from their mouths is understood as the judgment from God upon those who reject the message.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
The olive trees and candlesticks are viewed as symbols of Jehovah’s faithful servants, carrying out God’s will in the world.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The fire is interpreted metaphorically, symbolizing divine judgment that comes through the Church’s proclamation of truth.

Greek Explanation:
The Greek term “ἐπιθύσω” (epithysso), meaning to give power, signifies divine empowerment to perform acts in God’s name, consistent with the Jehovah’s Witnesses’ view of the power of the Church’s prophetic role.

10. Mormonism (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS)

Summary:
Latter-day Saints (LDS) interpret the Two Witnesses as literal individuals who will appear in the last days, possibly as Elijah and John the Baptist. They are seen as messengers who will prepare the world for Christ’s second coming, with the fire representing God’s judgment.

Views and Debates:
LDS theology sees the Two Witnesses as essential figures in the last days, acting as messengers and proclaimers of the gospel. The fire and other miraculous acts are interpreted literally.

For:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
LDS teachings interpret this fire literally, seeing it as a sign of divine power and judgment against opposition to God’s work.
Against:
“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.” (Revelation 11:3, KJV)
While LDS theology may see this period as symbolic, they still interpret the Two Witnesses’ prophetic role as literal.

Greek Explanation:
The word “λύχνος” (lychnos) emphasizes illumination and divine revelation, consistent with LDS beliefs about the prophetic role of the Two Witnesses.

11. Seventh-day Adventists

Summary:
Seventh-day Adventists interpret the Two Witnesses symbolically, viewing them as representing the Bible’s Old and New Testaments, or the prophetic role of the Church in the world. They see the fire as symbolic of the power of God’s judgment and the divine authority of Scripture.

Views and Debates:
Adventists emphasize the symbolic nature of the Two Witnesses, understanding them as representing the ongoing witness of God’s Word to the world. The fire represents divine judgment upon those who reject God’s truth.

For:
“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.” (Revelation 11:4, KJV)
This passage is seen as a symbol of the ongoing mission of the Church to bear witness to the truth of Scripture.
Against:
“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.” (Revelation 11:5, KJV)
The fire is understood symbolically, representing the power and judgment of God’s word.

Greek Explanation:
“λύχνος” (lychnos) indicates the light and illumination of Scripture, reflecting the Adventist understanding of the Two Witnesses as representatives of the Bible’s authoritative witness in the world.

Summary

The doctrine of the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11 is interpreted across denominations in both literal and symbolic terms. The two primary symbolic interpretations include viewing them as representations of the Church’s ongoing witness to the gospel or as symbols of the Old and New Testaments. Literal interpretations often see them as two real individuals who will appear during the Tribulation. The fire proceeding from their mouths is generally interpreted as representing divine judgment, though some denominations take this literally and others view it symbolically. Each denomination’s interpretation reflects broader theological positions regarding prophecy, the role of the Church, and the nature of biblical judgment.

Conclusion

Despite the differences in interpretation, many denominations agree on the symbolic nature of some aspects of the Two Witnesses, especially regarding their fire and sackcloth. The power of their testimony and divine authority are central to most theological positions. The contrasting views about their identities, role, and the nature of the judgment they enact reflect broader theological positions within each denomination.

Table 1: Views, Interpretations, and Scripture Basis for the Two Witnesses

Denomination	View	Interpretation	Scripture Basis	KJV Quote
Roman Catholic	Symbolic	Two Witnesses represent the dual roles of the Church—Old and New Testament	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Eastern Orthodox	Symbolic	Two Witnesses represent the Church’s prophetic witness through history	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Evangelical	Literal	Two specific individuals, possibly Moses and Elijah, in the end times	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Protestant (General)	Mixed	Some see the witnesses as symbolic; others as literal	Revelation 11:3	“And I will give power unto my two witnesses, and they shall prophesy a thousand two hundred and threescore days, clothed in sackcloth.”
Baptist	Literal	Two actual individuals, likely Elijah and Moses, with miraculous powers	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Methodist	Symbolic	Witnesses represent the law and gospel or the prophetic mission of the Church	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Lutheran	Symbolic	Law and Gospel, or prophetic and sacramental roles of the Church	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Pentecostal	Literal	Two future individuals with divine power to perform miracles	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Symbolic	Represents the anointed Christian Church, especially spiritual leaders	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Literal	Two future messengers, possibly Elijah and John the Baptist	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Symbolic	Represents the Old and New Testaments, or the Church’s witness	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”

Table 2: Arguments Against Interpretation and Scripture Basis

Denomination	Argument Against Interpretation	Scripture Basis	KJV Quote
Roman Catholic	Critics argue that the Two Witnesses should be literal, not symbolic.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Eastern Orthodox	Some critics claim that the symbolic view ignores the actual role of two specific witnesses in the end times.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Evangelical	Critics argue that the two witnesses might be symbolic of broader prophetic roles, not specific individuals.	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Protestant (General)	Some critics see the mixed view as too ambiguous and prefer a clear symbolic or literal interpretation.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Baptist	Critics claim that a literal interpretation may not account for the symbolic nature of the fire and sackcloth.	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Methodist	Some argue that the symbolic interpretation overlooks the actual power and judgment of the Two Witnesses.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Lutheran	Critics argue that interpreting the witnesses symbolically might downplay their significance in the end times.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Pentecostal	Some argue that a literal interpretation might ignore the broader symbolic role of the Two Witnesses in the Bible.	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Jehovah’s Witnesses	Critics argue that symbolic interpretation limits the literal fulfillment of prophecy in the end times.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”
Mormonism (LDS)	Critics claim that the literal interpretation overlooks the symbolic aspects of the fire and sackcloth.	Revelation 11:4	“These are the two olive trees, and the two candlesticks standing before the God of the earth.”
Seventh-day Adventist	Some critics argue that the symbolic interpretation ignores the possibility of the witnesses being literal individuals.	Revelation 11:5	“And if any man will hurt them, fire proceedeth out of their mouth, and devoureth their enemies.”

Summary

The interpretation of the Two Witnesses in Revelation 11 is diverse across Christian denominations, ranging from symbolic representations of the Church’s witness and the law and gospel to a literal understanding of two specific figures who will appear during the Tribulation. While many denominations interpret the Two Witnesses symbolically, often associating them with the Old and New Testaments or the Church’s prophetic role, others, like Evangelicals, Baptists, and Pentecostals, favor a literal interpretation, identifying the witnesses as real individuals with miraculous powers.

Each denomination brings a unique perspective, shaped by its theological framework, to the debate over the identity and role of the Two Witnesses. While there are debates regarding the interpretation of key elements, such as the fire proceeding from their mouths, all denominations acknowledge the power and significance of these witnesses in God’s eschatological plan. The differences in interpretation reflect broader theological divides but also demonstrate the enduring mystery and power of the apocalyptic visions in Revelation.