3 The Attributes of God (Omniscience, Omnipotence, Omnipresence)

The attributes of God—omniscience (all-knowing), omnipotence (all-powerful), and omnipresence (present everywhere)—are foundational to Christian theology. Below are scriptural references supporting these attributes, followed by interpretations. Additionally, perspectives from various Christian denominations on these attributes are explored.

Scriptural Support for God’s Attributes:

1. Omniscience (All-Knowing):

Psalm 139:1-4 (KJV): “O Lord, thou hast searched me, and known me. Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off. Thou compassest my path and my lying down, and art acquainted with all my ways. For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O Lord, thou knowest it altogether.”
Isaiah 46:9-10 (KJV): “Remember the former things of old: for I am God, and there is none else; I am God, and there is none like me, declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times the things that are not yet done, saying, My counsel shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure.”
Romans 11:33 (KJV): “O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God! how unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways past finding out!”
Hebrews 4:13 (KJV): “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do.”
1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
Proverbs 15:3 (KJV): “The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good.”
Job 28:24 (KJV): “For he looketh to the ends of the earth, and seeth under the whole heaven.”
Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”

Interpretation: These passages affirm that God possesses complete and perfect knowledge of all things—past, present, and future. Nothing is hidden from Him, and His understanding surpasses human comprehension.

Scriptures Challenging Omniscience (God is All-Knowing):

While most scriptures affirm God’s knowledge, there are certain passages that might seem to challenge the extent of God’s knowledge, especially in regard to future human decisions or contingent events:

Genesis 6:5-6 (KJV): “And God saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually. And it repented the Lord that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him at his heart.”
Exodus 32:14 (KJV): “And the Lord repented of the evil which he thought to do unto his people.”
1 Samuel 15:11 (KJV): “It repenteth me that I have set up Saul to be king: for he is turned back from following me, and hath not performed my commandments. And it grieved Samuel, and he cried unto the Lord all night.”
Jeremiah 19:5 (KJV): “They have built also the high places of Baal, to burn their sons with fire for burnt offerings unto Baal, which I commanded not, nor spake it, neither came it into my mind.”
Matthew 24:36 (KJV): “But of that day and hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels of heaven, but my Father only.”
Mark 13:32 (KJV): “But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father.”

2. Omnipotence (All-Powerful):

Genesis 18:14 (KJV): “Is any thing too hard for the Lord?”
Jeremiah 32:27 (KJV): “Behold, I am the Lord, the God of all flesh: is there any thing too hard for me?”
Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Luke 1:37 (KJV): “For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Revelation 19:6 (KJV): “And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.”
Psalm 115:3 (KJV): “But our God is in the heavens: he hath done whatsoever he hath pleased.”
Isaiah 40:28 (KJV): “Hast thou not known? hast thou not heard, that the everlasting God, the Lord, the Creator of the ends of the earth, fainteth not, neither is weary? there is no searching of his understanding.”
Ephesians 3:20 (KJV): “Now unto him that is able to do exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think, according to the power that worketh in us.”

Interpretation: These verses highlight God’s unlimited power to accomplish anything He wills. His omnipotence ensures that His purposes are unthwarted and that He can perform acts beyond human capability.

Scriptures Challenging Omnipotence (God is All-Powerful):

Judges 2:18 (KJV): “And when the Lord raised them up judges, then the Lord was with the judge, and delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all the days of the judge: for it repented the Lord because of their groanings by reason of them that oppressed them and vexed them.”
Psalm 78:41-42 (KJV): “Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel. They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them from the enemy.”
Matthew 17:17 (KJV): “Then Jesus answered and said, O faithless and perverse generation, how long shall I be with you? how long shall I suffer you? bring him hither to me.”
2 Peter 3:9 (KJV): “The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance.”
1 Corinthians 10:13 (KJV): “There hath no temptation taken you but such as is common to man: but God is faithful, who will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able; but will with the temptation also make a way to escape, that ye may be able to bear it.”

3. Omnipresence (Present Everywhere):

Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence? If I ascend up into heaven, thou art there: if I make my bed in hell, behold, thou art there.”
Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the Lord. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
1 Kings 8:27 (KJV): “But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded?”
Proverbs 15:11 (KJV): “Hell and destruction are before the Lord: how much more then the hearts of the children of men?”
Acts 17:27-28 (KJV): “That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: For in him we live, and move, and have our being.”
Psalm 139:13-16 (KJV): “For thou hast possessed my reins: thou hast covered me in my mother’s womb. I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvelous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well.”
Isaiah 66:1 (KJV): “Thus saith the Lord, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest?”
Matthew 28:20 (KJV): “Teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world. Amen.”

Interpretation: These scriptures convey that God is present everywhere at all times. There is no place where His presence does not reach, underscoring His transcendence and immanence.

Scriptures Challenging Omnipresence (God is Everywhere):

2 Kings 13:23 (KJV): “And the Lord was gracious unto them, and had compassion on them, and had respect unto them, because of his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and would not destroy them, neither cast he them from his presence as yet.”
Psalm 22:1 (KJV): “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? why art thou so far from helping me, and from the words of my roaring?”
Isaiah 59:2 (KJV): “But your iniquities have separated between you and your God, and your sins have hid his face from you, that he will not hear.”
Micah 3:4 (KJV): “Then shall they cry unto the Lord, but he will not hear them: he will even hide his face from them at that time, as they have behaved themselves ill in their doings.”

1. Roman Catholic Church

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
Denominational View:
Roman Catholic doctrine upholds God’s omniscience as a fundamental attribute. The Catholic Church teaches that God knows all things—past, present, and future. This includes knowing all human actions, decisions, and even the hidden thoughts of the heart.
Argument Against:
Critics may argue that the concept of omniscience challenges the idea of free will, implying a predestined future. However, Catholic theology holds that God’s omniscience does not negate human freedom but is compatible with it through the concept of God’s eternal knowledge of human choices.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Jeremiah 32:17 (KJV): “Ah Lord God! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee.”
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Denominational View:
The Catholic Church teaches that God is omnipotent, meaning He has unlimited power over all creation. However, this omnipotence does not imply that God can do logical contradictions (such as creating a rock so heavy that He cannot lift it). God’s omnipotence is understood as His ability to do all things that are logically possible.
Argument Against:
Some may argue that the idea of omnipotence is contradictory, as it implies the possibility of things that are logically incoherent. However, Catholic theology responds by stating that omnipotence is defined by God’s power to do anything that is possible within the scope of divine perfection.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the Lord. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
Denominational View:
The Catholic Church believes that God is present everywhere in His creation, though in a special way in the Eucharist and through the Holy Spirit. Omnipresence does not mean that God is “everything” (pantheism), but that He transcends and is everywhere present in His creation.
Argument Against:
Critics argue that the idea of God being omnipresent leads to pantheism, where God is equated with the universe. Catholicism rejects this, affirming that God’s presence is real and pervasive, but distinct from the material world.

2. Eastern Orthodox Church

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:2-4 (KJV): “Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off.”
- Romans 11:33 (KJV): “O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God!”
Denominational View:
The Eastern Orthodox Church also affirms that God’s knowledge is infinite. However, they emphasize that God’s knowledge is not simply theoretical but relational, as God knows His creation intimately and personally. There is no separation between God’s knowing and His being.
Argument Against:
Some may challenge the compatibility of divine omniscience with free will. The Orthodox view holds that God’s knowledge does not force human choice but exists in harmony with human freedom.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Genesis 18:14 (KJV): “Is any thing too hard for the Lord?”
- Luke 1:37 (KJV): “For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Denominational View:
The Orthodox Church maintains that God’s omnipotence is expressed in His ability to accomplish all that is good and aligned with His nature. The focus is not just on power, but on the use of power in the service of divine goodness.
Argument Against:
As with Catholicism, critics may point to logical contradictions or the problem of evil. Orthodox theology responds by stating that God’s omnipotence does not involve coercion but is always exercised in accordance with His perfect goodness and divine will.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-8 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- 1 Kings 8:27 (KJV): “But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded?”
Denominational View:
The Eastern Orthodox Church believes in God’s omnipresence, where God transcends all creation but is also immanent within it. God’s presence is not restricted to any one place, and His Spirit fills all things.
Argument Against:
Similar to Catholicism, critics may argue that omnipresence risks pantheism. However, the Orthodox Church stresses that while God is everywhere present, He is not to be confused with the universe itself.

3. Evangelical (General)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
- Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”
Denominational View:
Evangelicals affirm that God is omniscient. His knowledge encompasses all things, including every action, event, and thought, both past, present, and future. This is central to the nature of God as a personal, relational being who knows His creation deeply and intimately.
Argument Against:
Critics argue that the omniscience of God challenges human free will and the existence of true choice. However, Evangelicals typically respond that God’s knowledge does not diminish human freedom; rather, God’s foreknowledge is consistent with the freedom of human choices, allowing for both divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
- Jeremiah 32:17 (KJV): “Ah Lord God! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee.”
Denominational View:
Evangelicals affirm God’s omnipotence, meaning that God has unlimited power. However, they believe this power is exercised in accordance with God’s holy and just nature. Evangelicals also emphasize that God’s omnipotence does not involve the capacity to do logical impossibilities (e.g., creating a square circle).
Argument Against:
Some may argue that omnipotence raises questions about the problem of evil, questioning why a powerful and good God would allow suffering. Evangelicals typically respond by asserting that while God allows free will, evil is the result of human sin, and God’s ultimate plan will triumph in the end.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Can any hide himself in secret places that I shall not see him? saith the Lord. Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
- Psalm 139:7-8 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
Denominational View:
Evangelicals also believe that God is omnipresent. This means that God is not bound by space and is present everywhere in His creation. His presence is both transcendent (beyond the world) and immanent (active within it).
Argument Against:
Some argue that omnipresence could lead to pantheism, which Evangelicals reject. They maintain that God is distinct from the universe, even while He fills all space and is present in all places.

4. Protestant (General)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Hebrews 4:13 (KJV): “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight: but all things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do.”
- Psalm 139:1-2 (KJV): “O Lord, thou hast searched me, and known me. Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off.”
Denominational View:
Most Protestant denominations affirm God’s omniscience, understanding it as the ability of God to know everything, including human thoughts, actions, and future events. God’s perfect knowledge is both a source of comfort and conviction for believers.
Argument Against:
Some Protestants argue that omniscience may contradict human free will. However, the majority believe that divine foreknowledge does not necessitate predestination but rather means that God knows all possible outcomes without controlling them.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Revelation 19:6 (KJV): “And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of mighty thunderings, saying, Alleluia: for the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.”
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But Jesus beheld them, and said unto them, With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Denominational View:
Protestant denominations generally uphold God’s omnipotence, which means that God is capable of doing all things that are logically possible. His omnipotence is often linked with His sovereignty, meaning He governs all things according to His divine will.
Argument Against:
Critics often challenge omnipotence, particularly regarding the problem of evil. However, most Protestants believe that God’s omnipotence does not make Him the author of evil, as human free will accounts for sin and suffering in the world.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Acts 17:27-28 (KJV): “That they should seek the Lord, if haply they might feel after him, and find him, though he be not far from every one of us: For in him we live, and move, and have our being.”
Denominational View:
Protestants widely affirm God’s omnipresence, with the understanding that God is present in all places at all times. This is not pantheistic but rather means that God is actively involved in His creation and accessible to His people everywhere.
Argument Against:
Similar to other traditions, some may argue that omnipresence suggests God is synonymous with the universe, but Protestants reject this. They teach that God is transcendent and separate from His creation while being omnipresent within it.

5. Baptist (Southern Baptist, Independent Baptist, etc.)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”
- Hebrews 4:13 (KJV): “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight…”
Denominational View:
Baptists, especially Southern Baptists, uphold God’s omniscience. They believe that God knows all things, and this knowledge is integral to His omnipotent and omnipresent nature. God’s knowing includes both the good and the evil in the world, but His purpose is ultimately for good.
Argument Against:
Some argue that God’s omniscience might imply predestination in a way that negates free will. However, Baptists tend to hold to a position that God’s foreknowledge does not determine human choices, allowing for free will and personal responsibility.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Revelation 19:6 (KJV): “For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.”
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Denominational View:
Southern Baptists and other Baptist groups believe that God is all-powerful, able to do all things that are logically possible. His omnipotence is also seen in His sovereignty, where He governs the world with perfect wisdom and justice.
Argument Against:
Some may ask how an omnipotent God allows evil to exist. Baptists typically argue that the existence of evil is the result of human sin, not divine impotence, and that God’s omnipotence will ultimately restore righteousness in the end.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
Denominational View:
Baptists affirm that God is omnipresent, and His presence is not limited to any one place. God’s Spirit is everywhere, and He is always with His people.
Argument Against:
The concept of God being everywhere may be seen by some as pantheistic, but Baptists reject pantheism. They assert that God is transcendent and distinct from creation, even as He is present in it.

6. Methodist (United Methodist, AME, etc.)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:2-4 (KJV): “Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising, thou understandest my thought afar off.”
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
Denominational View:
Methodists affirm that God is omniscient, with an emphasis on God’s relational and personal knowledge of His creation. They believe that God’s knowledge includes everything, from the smallest details of creation to the grand scope of history and human choices.
Argument Against:
Some may question the compatibility of omniscience with free will, but Methodism holds that God’s foreknowledge does not necessitate determinism. Human beings have the freedom to choose within the scope of God’s knowledge.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Jeremiah 32:17 (KJV): “Ah Lord God! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power and stretched out arm, and there is nothing too hard for thee.”
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Denominational View:
Methodists believe in God’s omnipotence, understanding it as God’s all-encompassing power, though this power is exercised with justice, love, and grace. God’s omnipotence is not a mere display of might, but it is always exercised in line with His holy and loving nature.
Argument Against:
Critics may argue that omnipotence could be incompatible with a God of love, especially in the context of suffering and evil. Methodists typically explain that God’s omnipotence does not negate the reality of human free will and that suffering is a consequence of sin, not divine impotence.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
Denominational View:
Methodists believe that God is omnipresent, meaning He is present everywhere at all times. God’s presence is both transcendent (beyond the created world) and immanent (actively involved within the creation). His omnipresence allows Him to be near to His people at all times.
Argument Against:
Critics might suggest that omnipresence leads to pantheism, but Methodism affirms that God is distinct from creation, even though He is fully present within it.

7. Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA, etc.)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”
- Romans 11:33 (KJV): “O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God!”
Denominational View:
Lutheran doctrine holds that God is omniscient. God’s knowledge is perfect, comprehensive, and eternal, including knowledge of all things—past, present, and future. His knowledge is not just intellectual but intimately personal, reflecting His relationship with creation.
Argument Against:
Some might challenge the idea of God’s omniscience coexisting with free will. However, Lutherans believe that God’s knowledge of the future does not impinge upon human freedom. While God knows all, He still allows for human choices.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Genesis 18:14 (KJV): “Is any thing too hard for the Lord?”
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
Denominational View:
Lutherans affirm God’s omnipotence, meaning that God is capable of doing all things that are logically possible. They emphasize that God’s omnipotence is always exercised in accordance with His nature—loving, just, and good. This power is displayed especially in the work of salvation.
Argument Against:
Critics often raise the issue of the problem of evil. Lutherans assert that God, being omnipotent, allowed for human free will, which results in evil. However, God’s power will ultimately bring about the final redemption and defeat of evil.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Acts 17:27-28 (KJV): “That they should seek the Lord… for in him we live, and move, and have our being.”
Denominational View:
Lutherans affirm God’s omnipresence, teaching that God is present in all places at all times. God is not limited by space or time, and His presence fills the entire universe. However, God’s presence in the Eucharist is especially significant in Lutheran theology.
Argument Against:
Similar to other traditions, some critics might say that omnipresence suggests pantheism, but Lutherans emphasize that God is distinct from the creation. He is present in it but not equated with it.

8. Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:2-4 (KJV): “Thou knowest my downsitting and mine uprising; thou understandest my thought afar off.”
- Hebrews 4:13 (KJV): “Neither is there any creature that is not manifest in his sight…”
Denominational View:
Pentecostals generally affirm God’s omniscience, with an emphasis on the personal and intimate nature of God’s knowledge. God knows everything about His creation, and His knowledge is often linked with the presence of the Holy Spirit, who reveals God’s will to believers.
Argument Against:
Some may struggle with reconciling omniscience with free will, but Pentecostals believe that God’s foreknowledge does not negate human responsibility or free will. God knows all, but human beings make real, free choices.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But with God all things are possible.”
- Luke 1:37 (KJV): “For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Denominational View:
Pentecostals emphasize God’s omnipotence, especially in relation to the empowerment of believers through the Holy Spirit. They believe that God’s power is not only exercised in creation but also actively at work in the lives of Christians, especially through signs, wonders, and miracles.
Argument Against:
Critics may question why a powerful God allows evil to exist. Pentecostals tend to argue that while God is omnipotent, He respects human free will and uses His power for the ultimate good, even in the face of suffering.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
Denominational View:
Pentecostals affirm God’s omnipresence, emphasizing the presence of the Holy Spirit. They believe that God is not only present everywhere but that His presence is especially evident in the lives of believers, empowering them for service and holiness.
Argument Against:
As with other traditions, some critics may raise concerns about pantheism. Pentecostals reject this and emphasize that while God is present everywhere, He is distinct from the creation.

9. Jehovah’s Witnesses

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:4 (KJV): “For there is not a word in my tongue, but, lo, O Lord, thou knowest it altogether.”
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
Denominational View:
Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that God, Jehovah, is omniscient, meaning He knows everything that occurs, including the thoughts and actions of individuals. They believe that Jehovah’s knowledge is perfect and all-encompassing, and it is part of His divine wisdom and righteousness. However, they also stress that Jehovah’s omniscience is not passive but results in active judgment over humanity.
Argument Against:
Some argue that Jehovah’s Witnesses have a limited view of God’s omniscience, particularly in how they view God’s ability to foresee future events. However, they assert that God’s knowledge is complete and absolute but does not necessarily involve predetermining human choices, allowing free will.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “But with God all things are possible.”
- Revelation 19:6 (KJV): “For the Lord God omnipotent reigneth.”
Denominational View:
Jehovah’s Witnesses affirm that Jehovah is omnipotent, able to accomplish whatever He wills. His power is seen in His creation of the universe, His ability to bring about His kingdom, and His eventual defeat of all opposition to His sovereignty. Jehovah’s power, however, is seen as always in harmony with His justice and righteousness.
Argument Against:
Critics may question how God’s omnipotence can coexist with the existence of evil in the world. Jehovah’s Witnesses maintain that God’s power is not arbitrary but works within His established moral laws and purposes. Evil exists because of human free will and rebellion, not because God is impotent.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
- Psalm 139:7-8 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
Denominational View:
Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that Jehovah is present everywhere in a sense that He is aware of everything happening in the universe. However, they do not teach that Jehovah is present in the pantheistic sense (i.e., that He is part of creation). His presence is understood as one of oversight and judgment, rather than a pervasive, physical presence in creation.
Argument Against:
Some might argue that Jehovah’s Witnesses’ view of God’s omnipresence is more about God’s awareness and oversight rather than a spiritual or physical omnipresence. Critics could assert that this is a limited view of God’s nature, but Jehovah’s Witnesses argue that God’s omnipresence is still fully effective in governing all things without implying pantheism.

10. Mormonism (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints – LDS)

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
- D&C 38:2 (LDS Scripture): “I am the same who looked upon the long ago.”
Denominational View:
Mormons believe in God’s omniscience but with a unique twist. God, or Elohim, knows everything that has happened, is happening, and will happen. However, Mormons believe that God’s knowledge is also progressive in nature, as He was once a man who attained godhood. This belief implies that God’s omniscience includes a continual learning process.
Argument Against:
Critics argue that the LDS belief in God’s progression challenges traditional views of God’s eternal and unchanging nature. Mormons, however, believe that God’s omniscience does not imply He has always known everything in the same way, but that He has reached a state of perfect knowledge as part of His divine progression.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
- D&C 121:35 (LDS Scripture): “The powers of heaven are manifest when He speaks.”
Denominational View:
Mormons believe in God’s omnipotence, meaning that He has the power to do all things that are consistent with His divine nature. However, they emphasize that God’s power is also tied to His moral and ethical character, and He will never use His power to do evil or injustice. This is part of the Mormon belief in God’s eternal progression.
Argument Against:
Some critics of Mormonism argue that the belief in God’s past as a man and His progression to godhood contradicts the traditional concept of omnipotence. Mormons respond by asserting that God’s power is supreme in the sense that He can accomplish any divine task in accordance with His eternal law.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Acts 17:27-28 (KJV): “For in him we live, and move, and have our being.”
Denominational View:
Mormons generally believe that God is omnipresent in the sense of His influence and ability to be aware of all things. However, they also believe that God is not physically present in every location, which sets Mormon belief apart from more traditional Christian teachings of God’s omnipresence.
Argument Against:
Critics may argue that this view limits God’s omnipresence, particularly in comparison to traditional Christian teachings that God is spiritually and physically present everywhere. Mormons respond that God’s omnipresence should be understood as His ability to be aware of all things and to govern all things from His heavenly throne.

11. Seventh-day Adventists

Omniscience (God is all-knowing)

Scripture:
- Psalm 147:5 (KJV): “Great is our Lord, and of great power: his understanding is infinite.”
- 1 John 3:20 (KJV): “For if our heart condemn us, God is greater than our heart, and knoweth all things.”
Denominational View:
Seventh-day Adventists affirm that God is omniscient. He knows everything past, present, and future. This knowledge includes the thoughts and actions of all people. They believe that God’s omniscience is integral to His role as the ultimate judge, who will one day judge humanity fairly based on complete knowledge of all hearts and actions.
Argument Against:
Some critics argue that God’s omniscience might imply a deterministic view of human life, which contradicts the Adventist belief in free will. Adventists typically respond that God’s knowledge does not predetermine human choices, but He knows what choices will be made and acts in accordance with that knowledge.

Omnipotence (God is all-powerful)

Scripture:
- Matthew 19:26 (KJV): “With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.”
- Jeremiah 32:17 (KJV): “Ah Lord God! behold, thou hast made the heaven and the earth by thy great power…”
Denominational View:
Adventists affirm that God is omnipotent. He has the power to do all things consistent with His nature. This includes the power to create, sustain, and redeem the world, as well as to execute His final judgment.
Argument Against:
Critics may argue that the existence of evil calls into question God’s omnipotence. Adventists maintain that evil exists because of the misuse of free will by angels and humans, but they also believe God will ultimately eradicate evil and restore His creation in the Second Coming.

Omnipresence (God is present everywhere)

Scripture:
- Psalm 139:7-10 (KJV): “Whither shall I go from thy spirit? or whither shall I flee from thy presence?”
- Jeremiah 23:24 (KJV): “Do not I fill heaven and earth? saith the Lord.”
Denominational View:
Seventh-day Adventists believe that God is omnipresent, meaning He is present everywhere. God’s omnipresence is especially significant in the Adventist belief of the investigative judgment, where God’s presence is actively involved in assessing the lives of believers.
Argument Against:
As with other denominations, critics may question how God can be omnipresent without implying pantheism. Adventists hold that while God’s presence fills the universe, He is not equivalent to creation, maintaining His transcendence.

Conclusion:

The attributes of Omniscience, Omnipotence, and Omnipresence are foundational to Christian theology and are generally accepted across most denominations, though their interpretations and emphases can vary.

Omniscience is universally understood as God’s perfect and complete knowledge of all things, including past, present, and future events, though the extent to which human free will is preserved in this knowledge can differ.
Omnipotence emphasizes God’s absolute power, but denominations vary in how this power relates to human freedom, the existence of evil, and the exercise of God’s will in the world.
Omnipresence speaks to God’s presence throughout creation. While some traditions emphasize God’s intimate and immediate presence in creation, others stress His transcendence while maintaining an active role in the world.

Despite differences in doctrinal details, these attributes form a core part of Christian belief and understanding, pointing to a God who is not only beyond creation but also deeply involved in and sustaining it.

Table Overview of Omniscience, Omnipotence, and Omnipresence Across Denominations:

Denomination	Omniscience	Omnipotence	Omnipresence
Roman Catholic	God knows all things, including future events, but respects human free will.	God is all-powerful and acts in perfect justice and goodness.	God is everywhere, sustaining creation without being confined to it.
Eastern Orthodox	God has complete knowledge but allows for human free will.	God’s power is infinite, used in love and mercy.	God is immanent in creation but transcendent, active but not confined to the physical world.
Evangelical	God’s knowledge is complete, with full foreknowledge of human decisions.	God’s power is boundless, especially visible in salvation.	God is present everywhere, particularly with believers through the Holy Spirit.
Protestant (General)	God knows all things, past, present, and future, without negating free will.	God’s power is absolute, bringing about His purposes in creation and redemption.	God’s presence fills the universe and is especially close to believers.
Baptist (Southern, Independent, etc.)	God is all-knowing, including the hearts and actions of people.	God’s omnipotence is exercised to fulfill His will, especially in salvation.	God’s presence is universal, particularly active in the lives of believers through the Spirit.
Methodist (United, AME, etc.)	God knows all things but allows human freedom and choices.	God’s power is vast but exercised in a way that respects human agency.	God’s presence is in the world and in believers, guiding and empowering them.
Lutheran (Missouri Synod, ELCA)	God’s knowledge is perfect and extends to all things, including the future.	God’s power is limitless, working through His divine will in salvation.	God is present everywhere, especially in the Word and Sacraments.
Pentecostal (Assemblies of God, UPCI, etc.)	God’s knowledge is complete, including spiritual awareness of all events.	God is omnipotent, actively involved in miraculous works and the lives of believers.	God’s presence is felt in the lives of believers, especially through the Holy Spirit.
Jehovah’s Witnesses	God knows all things, with particular emphasis on His judgment over humanity.	God is all-powerful, but His power works in line with His justice.	God is omnipresent in awareness but not pantheistically present in creation.
Mormonism (LDS)	God’s knowledge is complete, but He has also progressed and continues to learn.	God is omnipotent, but His power is linked with His moral progression.	God is omnipresent in influence but not physically confined to every location.
Seventh-day Adventist	God is all-knowing, with full awareness of future events, human choices included.	God’s omnipotence is absolute, working toward redemption and judgment.	God is present everywhere, sustaining creation and actively judging and redeeming the world.